Compositions and methods for altering alpha- and beta-tocotrienol content using multiple transgenes

ABSTRACT

Preparation and use of isolated nucleic acids useful in altering the oil phenotype of plants are described. Isolated nucleic acids and their encoded polypeptides are described that alter the content of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, in transformed seeds and oil obtained from the transformed seeds. Expression cassettes, host cells and transformed plants are described that contain the foregoing nucleic acids.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation application of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 13/523,997 filed Jun. 15, 2012, currently pending, which is a divisional application of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/240,434 filed Sep. 29, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/977,495, filed Oct. 4, 2007, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The field of the invention relates to plant breeding and molecular biology, and particularly to alteration of oil phenotype in plants through the use of nucleic acid fragments encoding homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (VTE4) and 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase (VTE3).

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED AS A TEXT FILE VIA EFS-WEB

The official copy of the sequence listing is submitted electronically via EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with a file named 400523SEQLIST.txt, created on Jan. 12, 2011, and having a size of 251 kilobytes and is filed concurrently with the specification. The sequence listing contained in this ASCII formatted document is part of the specification and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tocotrienols are vitamin E-related compounds whose occurrence in plants is limited primarily to the seeds and fruits of most monocot species (e.g., palm, wheat, rice and barley). Tocotrienols are structurally similar to tocopherols, including alpha-tocopherol which is a form of vitamin E. Tocopherols occur ubiquitously in the plant kingdom as well as in photosynthetic microbes such as Synechocystis.

Tocotrienols and tocopherols both contain a chromanol head group that is linked to a hydrocarbon side chain. The only structural difference between these molecules is the presence of three double bonds in the hydrocarbon side chain of tocotrienols. This difference is related to the biosynthetic origins of the side chains. Tocopherol side chains are derived from phytyl-pyrophosphate (PP), and the tocotrienol side chains are believed to be derived from geranylgeranyl-PP, see FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, respectively (Soll et al. (1980) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 204:544-550).

At least four forms or molecular species of tocopherols and tocotrienols occur in nature: alpha, beta, gamma and delta (α, β, γ and δ, respectively). These molecular species contain different numbers of methyl groups that are bound to the aromatic portion of the chromanol head. Like tocopherols, tocotrienols are potent lipid-soluble antioxidants and therefore have considerable nutritive value in human and animal diets (Packer et al. (2001) J. Nutr. 131:369 S-373S). In addition, tocotrienols are believed to have therapeutic properties including a demonstrated ability to down regulate cholesterol biosynthesis (Theriault et al. (1999) Clin. Biochem. 32:309-319; Qureshii et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:10544-10550).

The first committed step in the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway is the prenylation of homogentisic acid with phytyldiphosphate to form 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol (MPBQ). Two distinct methyltransferase enzymes catalyze methylations of the aromatic moiety of tocopherols (VTE3 and VTE4). 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase (VTE3) acts on the tocopherol intermediate MPBQ prior to cyclization. Cyclization of the product of the first methylation reaction (2,3-dimethyl-5-phytylbenzoquinol) with tocopherol cyclase (VTE1) provides gamma-tocopherol. Gamma-tocopherol is further methylated to alpha-tocopherol by the second methyltransferase enzyme of tocopherol biosynthesis, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (VTE4). The same enzyme methylates delta-tocopherol thereby generating beta-tocopherol.

It has been speculated that the first committed step in the biosynthesis of tocotrienols involves the condensation of geranylgeranyl-PP and homogentisate to form 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylbenzoquinol (Soll et al. (1980) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 204:544-550). The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction can thus be functionally described as a homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT). After cyclization and an initial methylation, the last step of tocotrienol production would require the methylation of gamma-tocotrienol to alpha-tocotrienol or delta-tocotrienol to beta-tocotrienol.

Functional identification of genes or cDNAs encoding homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT) and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptides has been reported. The use of these nucleic acids in combination to manipulate the biosynthesis of the nutritionally important tocotrienols, such as alpha- and beta-tocotrienol, in plants, seeds and microbial hosts has been reported in US Patent Publication US-2007-0199096-A1.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compositions and methods for the alteration of the alpha- and beta-tocotrienol content and composition of plants are provided. The compositions comprise nucleotide molecules comprising nucleotide sequences for HGGT, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase. The compositions can be used to transform plants to manipulate the synthetic pathway for tocol compounds.

The present invention includes:

In one embodiment, a transformed plant comprising in its genome: (a) a first recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; (ii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37 or 39; (iii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 or 40; (iv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (i)-(iii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; and (v) a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (i)-(iv); (b) a second recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (vi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; (vii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9; (viii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10; (ix) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (vi)-(viii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; and (x) a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (vi)-(ix); and (c) a third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (xi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53; (xiii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70; (xiv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (xi)-(xii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xv) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70; and (xvi) a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (xi)-(xv); wherein the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and the third recombinant nucleic acid molecule are stably incorporated into the genome of the transformed plant.

In another embodiment, a transformed plant comprising in its genome at least one recombinant nucleic acid molecule seclected from the group consisting of the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and the third recombinant nucleic acid molecule of above, wherein the at least one recombinant nucleic acid molecule is stably incorporated into the genome of the transformed plant.

In another embodiment, the transformed plant may be a monocot selected from the group consisting of maize, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley, millet and rye.

In another embodiment, the transformed plant may be a dicot selected from the group consisting of soybean, Brassica sp., alfalfa, safflower, sunflower, cotton, peanut, canola, Arabidopsis, tobacco and potato.

In another embodiment, the at least one regulatory sequence of the first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprises at least one promoter selected from the group consisting of seed-preferred, constitutive, chemically regulated, tissue-preferred, and developmentally regulated promoters.

In another embodiment, the invention includes seed of the transformed plant, wherein said seed comprises in its genome the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and the third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

In another embodiment, the transformed plant of the invention produces a seed with an increased level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, relative to a plant with a similar genetic background but lacking said first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, said second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and said third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

In another embodiment, the invention includes a method of increasing the level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, in a plant, comprising stably incorporating into a plant genome: (a) a first recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; (ii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37 or 39; (iii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 or 40; (iv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (i)-(iii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; and (v) a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (i)-(iv); (b) a second recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (vi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; (vii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9; (viii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10; (ix) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (vi)-(viii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; and (x) a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (vi)-(ix); and (c) a third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (xi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53; (xiii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70; (xiv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (xi)-(xii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xv) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70; and (xvi) a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (xi)-(xv); and selecting a transformed plant that has an increased level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, relative to a plant with a similar genetic background but lacking said first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, said second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and said third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

In another embodiment, a method in which the first, second and third recombinant nucleic acid molecules are incorporated into the plant genome by co-transformation of a plant cell.

In another embodiment, a method in which at least one of said first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecules is incorporated into the plant genome by re-transformation of a transformed plant cell, wherein said transformed plant cell comprises at least one of said first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecules.

In another embodiment, a method in which at least one of said first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecule is incorporated into the plant genome by breeding.

In another embodiment, a method in which the at least one regulatory sequence of the first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprises at least one promoter selected from the group consisting of seed-preferred, constitutive, chemically regulated, tissue-preferred, and developmentally regulated promoters.

In another embodiment, the invention includes methods for transforming plants and plants cells to change the oil content therein comprising transforming a plant with one to three nucleotide sequences alone or in any combination of two or three nucleotide sequences. The method comprises; (a) obtaining a first plant comprising in its genome a first recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; and (b) crossing the transgenic plant of step (a) with a second plant comprising in its genome a second recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; (c) crossing the transgenic plant of step (b) with a third plant comprising in its genome a third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (d) obtaining a progeny plant from said step (c) crossing, wherein said progeny plant comprises in its genome the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and the third recombinant nucleic acid molecule, and wherein said progeny plant exhibits an increased level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, relative to a plant with a similar genetic background but lacking said first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, said second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and said third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

In another embodiment, a method of increasing the level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, in a plant, comprising: (a) obtaining a first transformed plant comprising in its genome a first recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; (ii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37 or 39; (iii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 or 40; (iv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the entire coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one or (i)-(iii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; and (v) a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (i)-(iv); (b) crossing the transformed plant of step (a) with a second transformed plant comprising within its genome a second recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (vi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; (vii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9; (viii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10; (ix) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the entire coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence set forth in (vi)-(viii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; and (x) a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (vi)-(ix); and (c) crossing the transformed plant of step (b) with a third transformed plant comprising within its genome a third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (xi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53; (xiii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54 or 70; (xiv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (xi)-(xii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xv) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70; and (xvi) a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (xi)-(xv); and selecting a progeny plant from said step (c) crossing, wherein said progeny plant comprises in its genome the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and the third recombinant nucleic acid molecule, and wherein said progeny plant exhibits an increased level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, relative to a plant with a similar genetic background but lacking said first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, said second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and said third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

In another embodiment, any of the methods of the invention wherein the plant is a monocot is selected from the group consisting of maize, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley, millet and rye.

In another embodiment, any of the methods of the invention wherein the plant is a dicot is selected from the group consisting of soybean, Brassica sp., alfalfa, safflower, sunflower, cotton, peanut, canola, Arabidopsis, tobacco and potato.

In another embodiment, the invention includes transformed seed or byproducts of any of the transformed plants of the invention.

In another embodiment, the transformed seed of the invention has an alpha-tocotrienol level of at least 20 parts per million (ppm).

In another embodiment, the transformed seed of the invention contains alpha-tocotrienol in an amount of at least 20% of total tocopherol and tocotrienol content in the transformed seed.

In another embodiment, the transformed seed of the invention has an alpha-tocotrienol content of at least 70% of total combined tocopherol and tocotrienol content in the transformed seed.

In another embodiment, the transformed seed of the invention contains a combined level of alpha-tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol of at least 95% of total tocopherol and tocotrienol content in the transformed seed.

In another embodiment, a method of improving the tissue quality of an animal, comprising feeding the animal the transformed seed of the invention.

In another embodiment, the tissue is meat and the quality of the meat is measured by at least one criteria selected from the group consisting of increased pH, improved food color, improved oxidative stability, increased shelf life and reduced purge.

In another embodiment, the animal is a ruminant, preferably cattle.

In another embodiment, the animal is a non-ruminant, preferably swine or poultry.

In another embodiment, an isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:57.

In another embodiment, an isolated polynucleotide comprising: (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity, wherein the polypeptide has an amino acid sequence of at least 95% sequence identity, based on the Clustal W method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO:54 or 70, or (b) a complement of the nucleotide sequence, wherein the complement and the nucleotide sequence consist of the same number of nucleotides and are 100% complementary. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide preferably comprises SEQ ID NO:54 or 70. The nucleotide sequence preferably comprises SEQ ID NO:53.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes a vector comprising any of the isolated polynucleotides of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes a recombinant DNA construct comprising any of the isolated polynucleotides of the present invention operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence.

In another embodiment, the present invention concerns a method for transforming a cell comprising transforming a cell with any of the isolated polynucleotides of the present invention. The cell transformed by this method is also included. In particular embodiments, the cell is eukaryotic cell, e.g., a yeast, insect or plant cell, or prokaryotic, e.g., a bacterium.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes a method for producing a transgenic plant comprising transforming a plant cell with any of the isolated polynucleotides or recombinant DNA constructs of the present invention and regenerating a transgenic plant from the transformed plant cell. The invention is also directed to the transgenic plant produced by this method, and transgenic seed obtained from this transgenic plant.

In another embodiment, an isolated polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity, wherein the polypeptide has an amino acid sequence of at least 95% sequence identity, based on the Clustal W method of alignment, when compared to one of SEQ ID NO:54 or 70. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide prefereably comprises SEQ ID NO:54 or 70.

In another embodiment, a method for isolating a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity comprising isolating the polypeptide from a cell or culture medium of the cell, wherein the cell comprises a recombinant DNA construct comprising the polynucleotide of the invention operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence.

In another embodiment, a method of altering the level of expression of a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase in a host cell comprising: (a) transforming a host cell with the recombinant DNA construct of the invention; and (b) growing the transformed host cell under conditions that are suitable for expression of the recombinant DNA construct wherein expression of the recombinant DNA construct results in production of altered levels of the 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase in the transformed host cell.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND SEQUENCE LISTING

The invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings and Sequence Listing which form a part of this application.

FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway.

FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of the tocotrienol biosynthetic pathway.

FIG. 3A-3C show a multiple alignment of the 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 and 70. The multiple alignment was assembled using the Clustal W method of alignment with the default parameters. Residues that match SEQ ID NO:54 exactly are enclosed in a box. Above the alignment is shown a consensus sequence. A residue is shown in the consensus sequence when all residues at that position are identical.

FIG. 4 shows the percent sequence identity and divergence for each pair of polypeptides from the multiple alignment of FIG. 3A-3C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains, having the benefit of the teachings presented in the descriptions and the drawings herein. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one or more than one element.

The combination of HGGT, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polynucleotides may be used in plants, plant cells, yeast, and microbes to alter the tocols, such as tocotrienols, produced in the cells via the production of the respective enzymes from each polynucleotide. The instant invention shows, inter alia, that the combination of HGGT, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polynucleotides, more specifically producing the enzymes they encode, may be used to significantly increase the content of vitamin E-related antioxidants, specifically alpha- and beta-tocotrienol, in edible tissues of vegetable, fruit, and agronomic crop plants, including grains which include but are not limted to maize and soybean seed. The changes in vitamin-E antioxidant content will also be reflected in the oil obtained from these plants, grains and seeds. The use of polynucleotides encoding HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007-0199096, which is herein incorporated by reference.

The invention includes compositions and methods for altering tocols. The compositions and methods find use in improving the antioxidant quality of grain for use as food for humans and feed for livestock. Furthermore, the tocols can be extracted, purified or further altered via processing.

As used herein, “grain” means the mature seed produced by commercial growers for purposes other than reproducing the species and/or immature seed as an integral part of whole plant maize harvested for silage. As used herein, grain includes plant parts commonly categorized as a fruit, nut or vegetable.

As used herein, “wild-type” refers to untransformed organisms and descendants of untransformed organisms.

The molecular formula of a chemical may be presented in various formats. For example, the terms “ZnSO₄.7H₂O”, “ZnSO₄.7H₂O”, “ZnSO₄*7H₂O”, and “ZnSO₄-7H₂O” are used interchangeably herein.

The term “tocol” refers generally to any of the tocopherol and tocotrienol molecular species (e.g., α-, β-, γ-, and δ-) that are known to occur in biological systems. The term “tocol content” refers to the total amount of tocopherol and tocotrienol in a whole plant, tissue, or cell or in a microbial host. The term “tocol composition” refers both to the ratio of the various tocols produced in any given biological system and to characteristics, such as antioxidant activity, of any one tocol compound. When the alteration of tocols is taught or claimed herein, such alteration can be to tocol content and/or tocol composition. When an increase of tocols is taught or claimed herein, such increase refers to an increase of tocol content and/or an increase of tocol activity.

The term “tocotrienol” refers generally to any of the tocotrienol molecular species (e.g., α, β, γ, and δ) that are known to occur in biological systems. The term “tocotrienol content” refers to the total amount of tocotrienol in a whole plant, tissue, or cell or in a microbial host. The term “tocotrienol composition” refers both to the ratio of the various tocotrienols produced in any given biological system and to characteristics, such as antioxidant activity, of any one tocotrienol compound. When the alteration of a tocotrienol is taught or claimed herein, such alteration can be to tocotrienol content and/or tocotrienol composition. When an increase of tocotrienols is taught or claimed herein, such increase refers to an increase of tocotrienol content and/or an increase of tocotrienol activity.

The term “homogentisate phytyltransferase” or “HPT” refers to the enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of homogentisate (or homogentisic acid) and phytyl pyrophosphate (or phytyl diphosphate). This reaction is believed to be the committed step in tocopherol biosynthesis. Other names that have been used to refer to this enzyme include “homogentisate phytyl pyrophosphate prenyltransferase” and “homogentisate phytyl diphosphate prenyltransferase”. The shortened version phytyl/prenyl transferase is also used.

The terms “homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase” and “HGGT”, which are used interchangeably herein, refer to the enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of homogentisate (or homogentisic acid) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (or geranylgeranyl diphosphate). This reaction is an important step in tocotrienol biosynthesis and can result in the alteration of the tocol content and/or composition. HGGT enzymes may include, but are not limited to, those shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Homogentisate Geranylgeranyl Transferase Enzymes SEQ ID NO: (Nucle- (Amino Protein Clone Designation otide) Acid) barley homogentisate bdl2c.pk006.o2 1 2 geranylgeranyl transferase wheat homogentisate wdk2c.pk012.f2:cgs 3 4 geranylgeranyl transferase rice homogentisate rds1c.pk007.m9 5 6 geranylgeranyl transferase maize homogentisate cco1n.pk087.l17:cgs 7 8 geranylgeranyl transferase maize homogentisate p0058.chpbj67r:fis 9 10 geranylgeranyl transferase

The terms “gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase”, “γ-TMT”, “GTMT” and “VTE4”, which are used herein, refer to the enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of gamma- and delta-tocopherol to alpha- and beta-tocopherol, respectively, and to the methylation of gamma- and delta-tocotrienol to alpha- and beta-tocotrienol, respectively. This reaction is an important step in tocotrienol biosynthesis and can result in the alteration of the tocol content and/or composition. Gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase enzymes may include, but are not limited to, those shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase Enzymes Clone Designation SEQ ID NO: or GenBank Accession (Nucle- (Amino Protein No. otide) Acid) Soybean gamma-tocopherol sah1c.pk004.g2 11 12 Methyltransferase Soybean gamma-tocopherol sah1c.pk001.k8:fis 13 14 Methyltransferase maize gamma-tocopherol p0060.coran49r:fis 15 16 methyltransferase wheat gamma-tocopherol wr1.pk0077.fl:fis 17 18 methyltransferase lotus corniculatus gamma- GenBank Accession 19 20 tocopherol methyltransferase No. DQ13360 soybean gamma-tocopherol GenBank Accession 21 22 methyltransferase No. AY960126 rice gamma-tocopherol GenBank Accession 23 24 methyltransferase No. XM467331 Brassica gamma-tocopherol GenBank Accession 25 26 Methyltransferase No. AF381248 Perilla frutescens gamma- GenBank Accession 27 28 tocopherol methyltransferase No. AF213481 Arabidopsis thaliana GenBank Accession 29 30 gamma-tocopherol No. AF104220 methyltransferase Medicago truncatula gamma- GenBank Accession 31 32 tocopherol Methyltransferase No. AY962639 Chlamydomonas gamma- GenBank Accession 33 34 tocopherol methyltransferase No. AJ884948 Synechocystis gamma- GenBank Accession 35 36 tocopherol methyltransferase No. NP_442492 Anabaena gamma- GenBank Accession 37 38 tocopherol Methyltransferase No. BAB73502 Gloeobacter violaceus GenBank Accession 39 40 gamma-tocopherol No. NP_926036 methyltransferase

Limited information regarding enzymes catalyzing methylations of gamma- and delta-tocotrienol is available. U.S. Application No. 2003154513 discloses sequences derived from cotton, maize and the cyanobacteria Anabaena. These sequences show similarity to gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase genes from Arabidopsis (PCT Publication No. WO 99/04622) and soybean (PCT Publication No. WO 00/032757). The heterologously expressed enzyme from maize, a moncotyledoneous plant, showed almost equal activity with tocopherol and tocotrienol substrates. On the other hand, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase orthologs from the dicotyledoneous plant cotton or blue-green algae showed only trace activities with tocotrienol substrates.

The terms “2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase”, “VTE3” and “MPBQMT”, which are used interchangeably herein, refer to the enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol (MPBQ) prior to cyclization. This reaction is an important step in tocotrienol biosynthesis and can result in the alteration of the tocol content and/or composition. 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase enzymes may include, but are not limited to, those shown in Table 3. The amino acid sequence of the enzyme in which the putative transit peptide has been removed is designated as “mature”.

TABLE 3 2-Methyl-6-Phytylbenzoquinol Methyltransferase Enzymes Clone Name, NCBI GI No. SEQ ID or Patent Reference Plant NO fds1n.pk003.e5 (FIS) Momordica charantia 54 GI No. 108385436 Arabidopsis 61 GI No. 157348021 Grape 62 GI No. 80971672 Sunflower 63 US2007061916 Cotton 64 WO2003034812 Soybean 65 WO2003034812 Corn 66 GI No. 108385436-derived Arabidopsis (mature) 67 WO2003034812 Soybean (mature) 68 WO2003034812 Corn (mature) 69

The VTE3 (vitamin E defective) locus in Arabidopsis has been isolated and characterized, and encodes the Arabidopsis 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase (Cheng et al. 2003 Plant Cell 15:2343-2356). Recombinant DNA constructs encoding the Arabidopsis VTE3 and VTE4 polypeptides have been co-expressed in transgenic soybean (Van Eenennaam et al. 2003 Plant Cell 15:3007-3019).

The present invention concerns an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide having at least 95% identity, based on the Clustal W method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO:54 or 70.

The invention includes the use of the combination of HGGT, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase enzymes to significantly increase the content of vitamin E-related antioxidants, specifically alpha- and beta-tocotrienol, in organisms including plants and microorganisms. The invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but encompasses all enzymes which include these activities.

This invention also includes to the isolated complement of such polynucleotides, wherein the complement and the polynucleotide consist of the same number of nucleotides, and the nucleotide sequences of the complement and the polynucleotide have 100% complementarity.

In another embodiment, this invention concerns viruses and host cells comprising either the recombinant DNA constructs of the invention as described herein or isolated polynucleotides of the invention as described herein. Examples of host cells which can be used to practice the invention include, but are not limited to, yeast, bacteria, and plants.

In another embodiment, the present invention concerns a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical, based on the Clustal W method of alignment, to a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:54 or 70.

As was noted above, the nucleic acid fragments of the instant invention may be used to create transgenic plants in which the disclosed polypeptides are present at higher or lower levels than normal or in cell types or developmental stages in which they are not normally found. This would have the effect of altering the level of tocol content and/or composition in those cells.

The invention provides isolated nucleotide molecules comprising the combination of nucleotide sequences encoding HGGT, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase. Also provided are isolated polypeptides encoded by such nucleotide sequences. The nucleotide sequences find use in methods for altering alpha- and beta-tocotrienols in a biological system such as a plant. The methods include improving the antioxidant activity of grain, altering tocotrienols in a plant or part thereof, and improving tocols in a host. The methods comprise transforming a plant or host with at least one nucleotide construct comprising at least a portion of at least one nucleotide sequence encoding HGGT, at least a portion of at least one nucleotide sequence encoding gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and at least a portion of at least one nucleotide sequence encoding 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase. If desired, the nucleotide construct may additionally comprise at least one operably linked regulatory sequence that drives expression in the plant of interest. Such a nucleotide construct can be used to increase the expression of HGGT, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase.

Also provided are novel compositions of seed and extracted oils. Seed and extracted oils are provided that have unexpectantly high levels of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both. Seed or oil with high levels of alpha-tocotrienol have better bioavailabilty of alpha-tocotrienol as compared to other tocotrienol species (Kiyose et al. (2004) J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 35(1):47-52, entitiled—Distribution and metabolism of tocopherols and tocotrienols in vivo).

Methods of isolating seed oils are well known in the art: (Young et al., Processing of Fats and Oils, In The Lipid Handbook, Gunstone et al., eds., Chapter 5 pp 253-257; Chapman & Hall: London (1994)). For example, soybean oil is produced using a series of steps involving the extraction and purification of an edible oil product from the oil-bearing seed. Soybean oils and soybean byproducts are produced using the generalized steps shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Generalized Steps for Soybean Oil and By-product Production Process Impurities Removed and/or Step Process By-Products Obtained # 1 soybean seed # 2 oil extraction Meal # 3 degumming Lecithin # 4 alkali or physical refining gums, free fatty acids, pigments # 5 water washing Soap # 6 bleaching color, soap, metal # 7 (hydrogenation) # 8 (winterization) Stearine # 9 deodorization free fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, volatiles # 10  oil products

More specifically, soybean seeds are cleaned, tempered, dehulled and flaked, thereby increasing the efficiency of oil extraction. Oil extraction is usually accomplished by solvent (e.g., hexane) extraction but can also be achieved by a combination of physical pressure and/or solvent extraction. The resulting oil is called crude oil. The crude oil may be degummed by hydrating phospholipids and other polar and neutral lipid complexes that facilitate their separation from the nonhydrating, triglyceride fraction (soybean oil). The resulting lecithin gums may be further processed to make commercially important lecithin products used in a variety of food and industrial products as emulsification and release (i.e., antisticking) agents. Degummed oil may be further refined for the removal of impurities (primarily free fatty acids, pigments and residual gums). Refining is accomplished by the addition of a caustic agent that reacts with free fatty acid to form soap and hydrates phosphatides and proteins in the crude oil. Water is used to wash out traces of soap formed during refining. The soapstock byproduct may be used directly in animal feeds or acidulated to recover the free fatty acids. Color is removed through adsorption with a bleaching earth that removes most of the chlorophyll and carotenoid compounds. The refined oil can be hydrogenated, thereby resulting in fats with various melting properties and textures. Winterization (fractionation) may be used to remove stearine from the hydrogenated oil through crystallization under carefully controlled cooling conditions. Deodorization (principally via steam distillation under vacuum) is the last step and is designed to remove compounds which impart odor or flavor to the oil. Other valuable byproducts such as tocopherols and sterols may be removed during the deodorization process. Deodorized distillate containing these byproducts may be sold for production of natural vitamin E and other high-value pharmaceutical products. Refined, bleached, (hydrogenated, fractionated) and deodorized oils and fats may be packaged and sold directly or further processed into more specialized products. A more detailed reference to soybean seed processing, soybean oil production and byproduct utilization can be found in Erickson, Practical Handbook of Soybean Processing and Utilization, The American Oil Chemists' Society and United Soybean Board (1995).

Among the many applications of improved tocols, tocotrienols and antioxidant activity are improved storage of grain, improved stability of oil extracted from grain, benefits to humans consuming the grain, improved meat quality from animals consuming the grain, and the production of novel tocols or tocotrienols for cosmetic, industrial and/or nutraceutical use (U.S. Application No. 2004266862; Karunanandaa et al. (2005) Metab. Eng. 7:384-400). It is also known that the presence of tocols in plant vegetative green tissue such as leaf tissue is necessary to protect the plant from the photo-oxidative damage induced directly and indirectly by the production of free oxygen radicals in the chloroplast during oxygenic photosynthesis. It is therefore likely that ectopic expression of tocotrienols in green plant tissue, such as leaf tissue, in addition to the normal tocopherol content of the leaf will lead to an increase ability to withstand such photo-oxidative damage, and thus lead to an increase in the photosynthetic capacity of the plant. This would translate to an increase in harvestable yield for the plant over the entire growing season.

The nucleotide construct of the invention may additionally comprise at least one regulatory sequence that drives expression in a host or plant. Optional regulatory sequences include, for maize, an embryo preferred promoter such as promoters for the 16 kDa and 18 kDa oleosin genes, an endosperm preferred promoter, such as the promoter for the 10 kDa zein gene, and a vegetative promoter such as promoters for ubiquitin genes.

If desired, two or more of such nucleotide sequences may be linked or joined together to form one polynucleotide molecule, and such a polynucleotide may be used to transform a plant. For example, a nucleotide construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an HGGT can be linked with another nucleotide sequence encoding the same or another HGGT. Nucleotide sequences encoding both HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase may also be linked in a nucleotide construct. Additionally, nucleotide sequences encoding HGGT, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase may also be linked in a nucleotide construct. Similarly, the three nucleotide sequences can be provided on different nucleotide constructs, and each of the separate nucleotide sequences can be operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence that drives expression in a plant. For example, a construct may be used that increases total HGGT activity and decreases total HPT activity, thereby resulting in shunting the pathway towards the production of tocotrienols and decreased production of tocopherols.

An alternative strategy may also be used. If separate nucleotide constructs are employed for an HGGT nucleotide sequence, a gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase nucleotide sequence and a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequence, three individual plants may be transformed with the nucleotide constructs, and the plants may then be crossed to produce progeny having the desired genotype of HGGT, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequences (i.e., also referred to as genetic stacks).

Additionally, a construct to down-regulate the geranylgeranyl reductase responsible for producing phytol pyrophosphosphate, one of the precursors for tocopherol biosynthesis, may be linked in cis with a construct to express HGGT. The result of this manipulation would be an increased pool size of geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate and a corresponding increase of flux into the tocotrienol biosynthetic pathway. Flux into tocotrienols can also be increased by increasing flux of carbon into the shikimate pathway and non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. Specifically, this flux can be accomplished through chloroplast-targeted expression of genes such as bifunctional chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase (TYRA) (from bacteria) and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) genes from plants (Karunanandaa et al. (2005) Metab. Eng. 7:384-400).

Nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are preferably recombinant nucleic acid molecules (or may also be referred to as recombinant DNA constructs). As used herein, “recombinant” refers to an artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence, e.g., by chemical synthesis or by the manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids by genetic engineering techniques. “Recombinant” also includes reference to a cell or vector, that has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid or a cell derived from a cell so modified, but does not encompass the alteration of the cell or vector by naturally occurring events (e.g., spontaneous mutation, natural transformation/transduction/transposition) such as those occurring without deliberate human intervention.

As used herein, “recombinant DNA construct” refers to a combination of nucleic acid fragments that are not normally found together in nature. Accordingly, a recombinant DNA construct may comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner different than that normally found in nature. The terms “recombinant DNA construct” and “recombinant nucleic acid molecule” are used interchangeably herein.

The methods of the present invention can be employed to alter tocols or tocotrienols in any plant or part thereof, and antioxidant activity may thereby be altered. Plants that may be used in the invention include, but are not limited to, field crops (e.g., alfalfa, barley, bean, maize, canola, cotton, flax, pea, rice, rye, safflower, sorghum, oats, millet, soybean, sunflower, tobacco, and wheat); vegetable crops (e.g., asparagus, beet, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, celery, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, onion, pepper, potato, pumpkin, radish, spinach, squash, taro, tomato, and zucchini); and fruit and nut crops (e.g., almond, apple, apricot, banana, blackberry, blueberry, cacao, cherry, coconut, cranberry, date, fajoa, filbert, grape, grapefruit, guava, kiwi, lemon, lime, mango, melon, nectarine, orange, papaya, passion fruit, peach, peanut, pear, pineapple, pistachio, plum, raspberry, strawberry, tangerine, walnut, and watermelon) and Arabidopsis. Some methods of the invention involve altering the antioxidant levels in grain and other parts of a plant that may be subjected to post-harvest processing. With post-harvest processing, the tocols or tocotrienols so produced can be a valuable source of recovery for millers and other processors.

Grain or vegetable oil derived from transgenic plants containing elevated levels of alpha- and beta-tocotrienol may be fed to livestock and poultry to improve the oxidative stability of meat products. Examples of improvements with practical benefit include increased color stability of fresh beef during retail display and enhanced flavor stability of precooked meat products stored under refrigeration. These and other quality-related improvements may be expected because tocotrienols function as chain-breaking free radical scavengers in muscle tissue, and thus reduce oxidative reactions that degrade meat quality and reduce shelf life.

For example, improved beef quality can be demonstrated by feeding cattle a diet formulated with at least about 300-ppm of total alpha- and beta-tocotrienol obtained from high-tocotrienol transgenic grain or vegetable oil for at least 100 days. For comparison, a group of cattle reared on a standard diet (no additional tocotrienol) under otherwise identical conditions can serve as the control treatment (“control group”). To assess fresh meat color stability, ribeye steaks harvested from each animal are individually packaged in foam trays with PVC overwrap and placed under simulated retail display for seven days. Fresh steak color is subjectively evaluated by trained panelists on a graded scale for visual color intensity and discoloration. Color is also evaluated instrumentally using a HunterLab MiniScan™ Spectrophotometer or similar device to assess the “a* value”, which is a measure of the degree of redness. Results of these assays demonstrate that over time steaks from cattle fed a high tocotrienol diet, on average, exhibit better subjective visual scores and higher (i.e., better) a* instrumental values than ribeye steaks from the control group over time. The improvement in color stability extends retail display time and thus reduces the amount of fresh product discounted and discarded due to color deterioration. Other fresh beef products, including ground beef, will also exhibit improved color stability with and thus provide a similar benefit to retailers. (See also WO Publication No. 2005/002358, herein incorporated in its entirety by reference).

Methods for assessing tocopherol content and tocopherol composition (including tocopherol activity) are known in the art. Tocopherol content and composition may be measured by HPLC in combination with fluorescence detection. Such methods are described in numerous literature references (e.g., Kamal-Eldi A., Gorgen S., Pettersson J., Lampi A. M. (2000) J. Chromatogr. A 881:217-227; Bonvehi J. S., Coll F. V., Rius I. A. (2000) J. AOAC Intl. 83:627-634; Goffman F. D. and Böme T. (2001) J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:4990-4994). Such methods typically involve the resolution of tocopherol molecular species contained in complex mixtures by use of a normal or reverse phase HPLC matrix. Eluted tocopherol molecular species are then detected by fluorescence of the chromanol head group with an excitation wavelength typically in the range of 290 to 295 nm and an emission wavelength typically in the range of 325 to 335 nm. Using this methodology, the composition of a tocopherol mixture can be determined by comparing the retention times of separated molecular species with those of known standards. The content of each tocopherol molecular species can be measured by the relative intensity of its fluorescence emission at the selected wavelength. The absolute amount of each tocopherol species can be determined by measuring the intensity of fluorescence emission relative to that of an internal standard, which is added in a known amount to the tocopherol mixture prior to HPLC analysis. A suitable internal standard can include a tocopherol analog that is not normally found in nature (e.g., 5,7-dimethyltocol) or a naturally occurring tocopherol molecular species that is not present in a given tocopherol mixture. The total tocopherol content of a complex mixture of compounds can be derived by summing the absolute amount of each of the component tocopherol molecular species as determined by HPLC analysis.

Methods for assessing tocotrienol content and tocotrienol composition (including tocotrienol activity) are known in the art. Tocotrienol content and composition may be measured by HPLC using methods described above for the analysis of tocopherol content and composition. Using HPLC techniques described in Example 3 and elsewhere (e.g., Podda M., Weber C., Traber M. G., Packer L. (1996) J. Lipid Res. 37:893-901), tocotrienol molecular species can be readily resolved from tocopherol molecular species in a complex mixture. The occurrence and structural identification of tocotrienols in a complex mixture can be determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as described by Frega N., Mozzon M., and Bocci F. (1998) J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:1723-1728.

In addition, lipophilic antioxidant activity may be measured by assays including the inhibition of the coupled auto-oxidation of linoleic acid and β-carotene and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) as described elsewhere (Serbinova E. A. and Packer L. (1994) Meth. Enzymol. 234:354-366; Emmons C. L., Peterson D. M., Paul G. L. (1999) J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:4894-4898); Huang D et al (2002) J. Agric. Food Chem.). Such methods typically involve measuring the ability of antioxidant compounds (i.e., tocols) in test materials to inhibit the decline of fluorescence of a model substrate (fluorescein, phycoerythrin) induced by a peroxyl radical generator (2′,2′-azobis[20amidinopropane]dihydrochloride).

The invention encompasses isolated or substantially purified nucleic acid or polypeptide compositions. An “isolated” or “purified” nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Preferably, an “isolated” nucleic acid is free of sequences (preferably protein encoding sequences) that naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e., sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived. For example, in various embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb, 0.3 kb or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences that naturally flank the nucleic acid molecule in genomic DNA of the cell from which the nucleic acid is derived. A polypeptide that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of polypeptide having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, (by dry weight) of contaminating polypeptide. When the polypeptide of the invention or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, preferably culture medium represents less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 3% or 1% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-polypeptide-of-interest chemicals.

Fragments and variants of the disclosed nucleotide sequences and polypeptides encoded thereby are also encompassed by the present invention. By “fragment” is intended a portion of the nucleotide sequence or a portion of the amino acid sequence. Functional fragments of a nucleotide sequence may encode polypeptide fragments that retain the biological activity of the native protein and hence HGGT activity and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity. Alternatively, fragments of a nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes generally do not encode polypeptides retaining biological activity. Thus, fragments of a nucleotide sequence may range from at least about 20 nucleotides, about 30 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, about 70 nucleotides, about 100 nucleotides, about 150 nucleotides and up to the full-length nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptides of the invention.

A fragment of a HGGT nucleotide sequence that encodes a biologically active portion of an HGGT polypeptide of the invention will encode at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 75, 100, or 125 contiguous amino acids, or up to the total number of amino acids present in a full-length HGGT polypeptide of the invention (for example, 407, 408, 404, 380 and 361 amino acids for SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8 and 10, respectively). Fragments of a HGGT nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes or PCR primers generally need not encode a biologically active portion of an HGGT polypeptide.

Thus, a fragment of an HGGT nucleotide sequence may encode a biologically active portion of an HGGT polypeptide, or it may be a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer using methods disclosed below. A biologically active portion of an HGGT polypeptide can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the HGGT nucleotide sequences of the invention, expressing the encoded portion of the HGGT polypeptide (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded portion of the HGGT polypeptide.

Nucleic acid molecules that are fragments of an HGGT nucleotide sequence comprise at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, or 700 nucleotides, or up to the number of nucleotides present in a full-length HGGT nucleotide sequence disclosed herein (for example, 1457, 1365, 1242, 1730, and 1769 nucleotides for SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, respectively).

Likewise, a fragment of a gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase nucleotide sequence that encodes a biologically active portion of a gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase polypeptide of the invention will encode at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 75, 100, or 125 contiguous amino acids, or up to the total number of amino acids present in a full-length gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase polypeptide of the invention. Fragments of a gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes or PCR primers generally need not encode a biologically active portion of a gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptide.

Thus, a fragment of an gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase nucleotide sequence may encode a biologically active portion of an gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase polypeptide, or it may be a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer using methods disclosed below. A biologically active portion of an gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase polypeptide can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase nucleotide sequences of the invention, expressing the encoded portion of the gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase polypeptide (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded portion of the gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase polypeptide.

Nucleic acid molecules that are fragments of an gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase nucleotide sequence comprise at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, or 700 nucleotides, or up to the number of nucleotides present in a full-length gamma-tocopherol methyltranferase nucleotide sequence disclosed herein.

Likewise, a fragment of a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequence that encodes a biologically active portion of a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide of the invention will encode at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 75, 100, or 125 contiguous amino acids, or up to the total number of amino acids present in a full-length 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide of the invention. Fragments of a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequence that are useful as hybridization probes or PCR primers generally need not encode a biologically active portion of a gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptide.

Thus, a fragment of a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequence may encode a biologically active portion of a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide, or it may be a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer using methods disclosed below. A biologically active portion of a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequences of the invention, expressing the encoded portion of the 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro) and assessing the activity of the encoded portion of the 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide.

Nucleic acid molecules that are fragments of an 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequence comprise at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, or 700 nucleotides, or up to the number of nucleotides present in a full-length 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequence disclosed herein.

By “variants” is intended substantially similar sequences. For nucleotide sequences, conservative variants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the amino acid sequence of one of the HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptides of the invention. Naturally occurring allelic variants such as these can be identified with the use of well-known molecular biology techniques, as, for example, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization techniques as outlined below. Variant nucleotide sequences also include synthetically derived nucleotide sequences, such as those generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis but which still encode an HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide of the invention. Generally, variants of a particular nucleotide sequence of the invention will have at least about 80% generally at least about 85%, preferably at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, and more preferably at least about 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to that particular nucleotide sequence as determined by sequence alignment programs described elsewhere herein using default parameters.

By “variant” polypeptide is intended a polypeptide derived from the native polypeptide by deletion (so-called truncation) or addition of one or more amino acids to the N-terminal and/or C-terminal end of the native polypeptide; deletion or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native polypeptide; or substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native polypeptide. Variant polypeptides encompassed by the present invention are biologically active, that is they continue to possess the desired biological activity of the native polypeptide, that is, HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity as described herein. Such variants may result from, for example, genetic polymorphism or from human manipulation. Biologically active variants of a native HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide of the invention will have at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, generally at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, preferably at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, and more preferably at least about 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence for the native polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs described elsewhere herein using default parameters. A biologically active variant of a polypeptide of the invention may differ from that polypeptide by as few as 1-15 amino acid residues, as few as 1-10, such as 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid residue.

The polypeptides of the invention may be altered in various ways including amino acid substitutions, deletions, truncations, and insertions. Methods for such manipulations are generally known in the art. For example, amino acid sequence variants of the HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptides can be prepared by mutations in the DNA. Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492; Kunkel et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do not affect biological activity of the polypeptide of interest may be found in the model of Dayhoff et al. (1978) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C.), herein incorporated by reference. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one amino acid with another having similar properties, may be preferred.

Thus, the genes and nucleotide sequences of the invention include both the naturally occurring sequences as well as mutant forms. Likewise, the polypeptides of the invention encompass both naturally occurring polypeptides as well as variations and modified forms thereof. Such variants will continue to possess the desired HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity. Preferably, the mutations that will be made in the DNA encoding the variant will not place the sequence out of reading frame and preferably will not create complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structure. See, EP Patent Application Publication No. 75,444.

The deletions, insertions, and substitutions of the polypeptide sequences encompassed herein are not expected to produce radical changes in the characteristics of the polypeptide. However, when it is difficult to predict the exact effect of the substitution, deletion, or insertion in advance of doing so, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the effect will be evaluated by routine screening assays. That is, the activity can be evaluated by assays for HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity.

Variant nucleotide sequences and polypeptides also encompass sequences and polypeptides derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such as DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, one or more different HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase coding sequences can be manipulated to create a new HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide possessing the desired properties. In this manner, libraries of recombinant polynucleotides are generated from a population of related sequence polynucleotides comprising sequence regions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo. For example, using this approach, sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest may be shuffled between the HGGT polynucleotides of the invention and/or other HGGT genes to obtain a new gene coding for a polypeptide with an improved property of interest, such as an increased K_(m) in the case of an enzyme. Likewise, using this approach, sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest may be shuffled between the gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polynucleotides of the invention and/or other gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase genes to obtain a new gene coding for a polypeptide with an improved property of interest, such as an increased K_(m) in the case of an enzyme. Likewise, using this approach, sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest may be shuffled between 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polynucleotides of the invention and/or other 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase genes to obtain a new gene coding for a polypeptide with an improved property of interest, such as an increased K_(m) in the case of an enzyme. Strategies for such DNA shuffling are known in the art. See, for example, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747-10751; Stemmer (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al. (1997) Nature Biotech. 15:436-438; Moore et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 272:336-347; Zhang et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4504-4509; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793 and 5,837,458.

The nucleotide sequences of the invention can be used to isolate corresponding sequences from other organisms, particularly other plants, more particularly other monocots or dicots. In this manner, methods such as PCR, hybridization, and the like can be used to identify such sequences based on their sequence homology to the sequences set forth herein. Sequences isolated based on their sequence identity to the entire HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequences set forth herein or to fragments thereof are encompassed by the present invention. Such sequences include sequences that are orthologs of the disclosed sequences. By “orthologs” is intended polynucleotides derived from a common ancestral gene and which are found in different species as a result of speciation. Polynucleotides found in different species are considered orthologs when their nucleotide sequences and/or their encoded polypeptide sequences share substantial identity as defined elsewhere herein. Functions of orthologs are often highly conserved among species.

In a PCR approach, oligonucleotide primers can be designed for use in PCR reactions to amplify corresponding DNA sequences from cDNA or genomic DNA extracted from any plant of interest. Methods for designing PCR primers and PCR cloning are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). See also Innis et al., eds. (1990) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Academic Press, New York); Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1995) PCR Strategies (Academic Press, New York); and Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1999) PCR Methods Manual (Academic Press, New York). Known methods of PCR include, but are not limited to, methods using paired primers, nested primers, single specific primers, degenerate primers, gene-specific primers, vector-specific primers, partially-mismatched primers, and the like.

For clarification, “PCR” or “polymerase chain reaction” is a technique for the synthesis of large quantities of specific DNA segments, and consists of a series of repetitive cycles (Perkin Elmer Cetus Instruments, Norwalk, Conn.). Typically, the double stranded DNA is heat denatured, the two primers complementary to the 3′ boundaries of the target segment are annealed at low temperature and then extended at an intermediate temperature. One set of these three consecutive steps is referred to as a cycle.

In hybridization techniques, all or part of a known nucleotide sequence is used as a probe that selectively hybridizes to other corresponding nucleotide sequences present in a population of cloned genomic DNA fragments or cDNA fragments (i.e., genomic or cDNA libraries) from a chosen organism. The hybridization probes may be genomic DNA fragments, cDNA fragments, RNA fragments, or other oligonucleotides, and may be labeled with a detectable group such as ³²P, or any other detectable marker. Thus, for example, probes for hybridization can be made by labeling synthetic oligonucleotides based on the HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase sequences of the invention. Methods for preparation of probes for hybridization and for construction of cDNA and genomic libraries are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

For example, an entire HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase sequence disclosed herein, or one or more portions thereof, may be used as a probe capable of specifically hybridizing to corresponding HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase sequences and messenger RNAs. To achieve specific hybridization under a variety of conditions, such probes include sequences that are unique among HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase sequences and are preferably at least about 10 nucleotides in length, and most preferably at least about 20 nucleotides in length. Such probes may be used to amplify corresponding HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase sequences from a chosen plant by PCR. This technique may be used to isolate additional coding sequences from a desired plant or as a diagnostic assay to determine the presence of coding sequences in a plant. Hybridization techniques include hybridization screening of plated DNA libraries (either plaques or colonies; see, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

Hybridization of such sequences may be carried out under stringent conditions. By “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” is intended conditions under which a probe will hybridize to its target sequence to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over background). Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washing conditions, target sequences that are 100% complementary to the probe can be identified (homologous probing). Alternatively, stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (heterologous probing). Generally, a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides in length, preferably less than 500 nucleotides in length.

Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at 37° C., and a wash in 1× to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 M NaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50 to 55° C. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1.0 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.5× to 1×SSC at 55 to 60° C. Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60 to 65° C. The duration of hybridization is generally less than about 24 hours, usually about 4 to about 12 hours.

Specificity is typically the function of post-hybridization washes, the critical factors being the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution. For DNA-DNA hybrids, the T_(m) can be approximated from the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl (1984) Anal. Biochem. 138:267-284: T_(m)=81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)−0.61 (% form)−500/L; where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, % GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % form is the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution, and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. The T_(m) is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. T_(m) is reduced by about 1° C. for each 1% of mismatching; thus, T_(m), hybridization, and/or wash conditions can be adjusted to hybridize to sequences of the desired identity. For example, if sequences with >90% identity are sought, the T_(m) can be decreased 10° C. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, severely stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 1, 2, 3, or 4° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)); moderately stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)); low stringency conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)). Using the equation, hybridization and wash compositions, and desired T_(m), those of ordinary skill will understand that variations in the stringency of hybridization and/or wash solutions are inherently described. If the desired degree of mismatching results in a T_(m) of less than 45° C. (aqueous solution) or 32° C. (formamide solution), it is preferred to increase the SSC concentration so that a higher temperature can be used. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I, Chapter 2 (Elsevier, New York); and Ausubel et al., eds. (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2 (Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York). See Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.).

Isolated sequences that encode a protein with HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity and which hybridize under stringent conditions to the HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase sequences disclosed herein, or to fragments thereof, are encompassed by the present invention.

Nucleotides (usually found in their T-monophosphate form) are often referred to herein by their single letter designation as follows: “A” for adenylate or deoxyadenylate (for RNA or DNA, respectively), “C” for cytidylate or deoxycytidylate, “G” for guanylate or deoxyguanylate, “U” for uridylate, “T” for deoxythymidylate, “R’ for purines (A or G), “Y” for pyrimidines (C or T), “K” for G or T, “W” for A or T, “H” for A or C or T, “D” for A or G or T, “M” for A or C, “S” for C or G, “V” for A or C or G, “B” for C or G or T “I” for inosine, and “N” for A, C, G, or T.

The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between two or more nucleic acids or polynucleotides: (a) “reference sequence”, (b) “comparison window”, (c) “sequence identity”, (d) “percentage of sequence identity”, and (e) “substantial identity”.

(a) As used herein, “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison. A reference sequence may be a subset or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence, or the complete cDNA or gene sequence.

(b) As used herein, “comparison window” makes reference to a contiguous and specified segment of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Generally, the comparison window is at least 20 contiguous nucleotides in length, and optionally can be 30, 40, 50, 100, or longer. Those of skill in the art understand that to avoid a high similarity to a reference sequence due to inclusion of gaps in the polynucleotide sequence a gap penalty is typically introduced and is subtracted from the number of matches.

Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art. Thus, the determination of percent identity between any two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. Non-limiting examples of such mathematical algorithms are the algorithm of Myers and Miller (1988) CABIOS 4:11-17; the local homology algorithm of Smith et al. (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482; the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453; the search-for-similarity-method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:2444-2448; the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264-2268, modified as in Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877.

Computer implementations of these mathematical algorithms can be utilized for comparison of sequences to determine sequence identity. Such implementations include, but are not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program (available from Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.); the ALIGN program (Version 2.0) and GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Version 8 (available from Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA). Alignments using these programs can be performed using the default parameters. The CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins et al. (1988) Gene 73:237-244 (1988); Higgins et al. (1989) CABIOS 5:151-153; Corpet et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:10881-90; Huang et al. (1992) CABIOS 8:155-65; and Pearson et al. (1994) Meth. Mol. Biol. 24:307-331. The ALIGN program is based on the algorithm of Myers and Miller (1988), supra. A PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used with the ALIGN program when comparing amino acid sequences. The BLAST programs of Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403 are based on the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990), supra. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the BLASTN program, score=100, wordlength=12, to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the invention. BLAST polypeptide searches can be performed with the BLASTX program, score=50, wordlength=3, to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a polypeptide of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389. Alternatively, PSI-BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be used to perform an iterated search that detects distant relationships between molecules. See Altschul et al. (1997) supra. When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, PSI-BLAST, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., BLASTN for nucleotide sequences, BLASTX for polypeptides) can be used. Alignment may also be performed manually by inspection.

Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values provided herein refer to the value obtained using GAP Version 10 using the following parameters: % identity using GAP Weight of 50 and Length Weight of 3; % similarity using Gap Weight of 12 and Length Weight of 4, or any equivalent program. By “equivalent program” is intended any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by the preferred program.

GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453, to find the alignment of two complete sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. GAP considers all possible alignments and gap positions and creates the alignment with the largest number of matched bases and the fewest gaps. It allows for the provision of a gap creation penalty and a gap extension penalty in units of matched bases. GAP must make a profit of gap creation penalty number of matches for each gap it inserts. If a gap extension penalty greater than zero is chosen, GAP must, in addition, make a profit for each gap inserted of the length of the gap times the gap extension penalty. Default gap creation penalty values and gap extension penalty values in Version 10 of the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package for polypeptide sequences are 8 and 2, respectively. For nucleotide sequences the default gap creation penalty is 50 while the default gap extension penalty is 3. The gap creation and gap extension penalties can be expressed as an integer selected from the group of integers consisting of from 0 to 200. Thus, for example, the gap creation and gap extension penalties can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 or greater.

GAP presents one member of the family of best alignments. There may be many members of this family, but no other member has a better quality. GAP displays four figures of merit for alignments: Quality, Ratio, Identity, and Similarity. The Quality is the metric maximized in order to align the sequences. Ratio is the quality divided by the number of bases in the shorter segment. Percent Identity is the percent of the symbols that actually match. Percent Similarity is the percent of the symbols that are similar. Symbols that are across from gaps are ignored. A similarity is scored when the scoring matrix value for a pair of symbols is greater than or equal to 0.50, the similarity threshold. The scoring matrix used in Version 10 of the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package is BLOSUM62 (see Henikoff and Henikoff (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915).

Alternatively, for purposes of the present invention, comparison of nucleotide or polypeptide sequences for determination of percent sequence identity to the HGGT, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase sequences disclosed herein is preferably made using Clustal W found in the MEGALIGN® program of the LASERGENE® bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR® Inc., Madison, Wis.), with the following default parameters. The “default parameters” are the parameters pre-set by the manufacturer of the program. For amino acid sequence comparisons, default parameters of Gap Penalty of 10, a Gap Length Penalty of 0.20, a delay divergent sequence of 30%, and a DNA Transition Weight of 0.50 are used for multiple alignments; for pairwise alignments the default parameters are Gap Penalty of 10.0 and Gap Length of 0.10. Alternatively, amino acid sequence comparisons can be made with Clustal V (described by Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) and found in the MEGALIGN® program of the LASERGENE® bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR® Inc., Madison, Wis.). The default parameters of Clustal V for multiple alignments correspond to GAP PENALTY=10 and GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10, while for pairwise alignments they are KTUPLE=1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. After alignment of the sequences, using the Clustal V program, it is possible to obtain a “percent identity” by viewing the “sequence distances” table on the same program. For nucleotide sequence comparisons, a Gap Penalty of 10 and Gap Length Penalty of 10 can be used for multiple alignments and a KTUPLE of 2, Gap Penalty of 5, Window of 4 and Diagonals Saved of 4 can be used for pairwise alignments. Any equivalent program can also be used to determine percent sequence identity. By “equivalent program” is intended any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by the preferred program.

(c) As used herein, “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences makes reference to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to polypeptides it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. When sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Sequences that differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have “sequence similarity” or “similarity”. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.).

(d) As used herein, “percentage of sequence identity” means the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

(e)(i) The term “substantial identity” of polynucleotide sequences means that a polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%, compared to a reference sequence using one of the alignment programs described using standard parameters. One of skill in the art will recognize that these values can be appropriately adjusted to determine corresponding identity of polypeptides encoded by two nucleotide sequences by taking into account codon degeneracy, amino acid similarity, reading frame positioning, and the like. Substantial identity of amino acid sequences for these purposes normally means sequence identity of at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 90%, and most preferably at least 95%.

Another indication that nucleotide sequences are substantially identical is if two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, stringent conditions encompass temperatures in the range of about 1° C. to about 20° C. lower than the T_(m), depending upon the desired degree of stringency as otherwise qualified herein. Nucleic acids that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the polypeptides they encode are substantially identical. This may occur, e.g., when a copy of a nucleic acid is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code. One indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is when the polypeptide encoded by the first nucleic acid is immunologically cross reactive with the polypeptide encoded by the second nucleic acid.

(e)(ii) The term “substantial identity” in the context of a peptide indicates that a peptide comprises a sequence with at least 70% sequence identity to a reference sequence, preferably 80%, more preferably 85%, most preferably at least 90% or 95% sequence identity to the reference sequence over a specified comparison window. Preferably, optimal alignment is conducted using the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453. An indication that two peptide sequences are substantially identical is that one peptide is immunologically reactive with antibodies raised against the second peptide. Thus, a peptide is substantially identical to a second peptide, for example, where the two peptides differ only by a conservative substitution. Peptides that are “substantially similar” share sequences as noted above except that residue positions that are not identical may differ by conservative amino acid changes.

The use of the term “nucleotide constructs” herein is not intended to limit the present invention to nucleotide constructs comprising DNA. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that nucleotide constructs, particularly polynucleotides and oligonucleotides, comprised of ribonucleotides and combinations of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides may also be employed in the methods disclosed herein. Thus, the nucleotide constructs of the present invention encompass all nucleotide constructs that can be employed in the methods of the present invention for transforming plants including, but not limited to, those comprised of deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, and combinations thereof. Such deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides include both naturally occurring molecules and synthetic analogues. The nucleotide constructs of the invention also encompass all forms of nucleotide constructs including, but not limited to, single-stranded forms, double-stranded forms, hairpins, stem-and-loop structures, and the like.

Furthermore, it is recognized that the methods of the invention may employ a nucleotide construct that is capable of directing, in a transformed plant, the expression of at least one polypeptide, or at least one RNA, such as, for example, an antisense RNA that is complementary to at least a portion of an mRNA. Typically such a nucleotide construct is comprised of a coding sequence for a polypeptide or an RNA operably linked to 5′ and 3′ transcriptional regulatory regions. Alternatively, it is also recognized that the methods of the invention may employ a nucleotide construct that is not capable of directing, in a transformed plant, the expression of a polypeptide or an RNA.

In addition, it is recognized that methods of the present invention do not depend on the incorporation of the entire nucleotide construct into the genome, only that the plant or cell thereof is altered as a result of the introduction of the nucleotide construct into a cell. In one embodiment of the invention, the genome may be altered following the introduction of the nucleotide construct into a cell. For example, the nucleotide construct, or any part thereof, may incorporate into the genome of the plant. Alterations to the genome of the present invention include, but are not limited to, additions, deletions, and substitutions of nucleotides in the genome. While the methods of the present invention do not depend on additions, deletions, or substitutions of any particular number of nucleotides, it is recognized that such additions, deletions, or substitutions comprise at least one nucleotide.

The nucleotide constructs of the invention also encompass nucleotide constructs that may be employed in methods for altering or mutating a genomic nucleotide sequence in an organism, including, but not limited to, homologous recombination, chimeric vectors, chimeric mutational vectors, chimeric repair vectors, mixed-duplex oligonucleotides, self-complementary chimeric oligonucleotides, and recombinogenic oligonucleobases. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,350; 5,731,181; 5,756,325; 5,760,012; 5,795,972; and 5,871,984; all of which are herein incorporated by reference. See also, PCT Publication No. WO 98/49350, PCT Publication No. WO 99/07865, PCT Publication No. WO 99/25821, PCT Publication No. WO03093428, Jeske et al. (2001) EMBO 20:6158-6167, and Beetham et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:8774-8778; herein incorporated by reference.

The HGGT, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase sequences of the invention are provided in expression cassettes for expression in the plant of interest. The cassette(s) will include at least one 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences operably linked to a HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequence of the invention. By “operably linked” is intended a functional linkage between a promoter and a second sequence, wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA sequence corresponding to the second sequence. Generally, operably linked means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are contiguous and, where necessary to join two polypeptide coding regions, contiguous and in the same reading frame. The cassette may additionally contain at least one additional gene to be cotransformed into the organism. Alternatively, the additional gene(s) can be provided on multiple expression cassettes.

Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites for insertion of the HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase nucleotide sequence to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions. The expression cassette may additionally contain selectable marker genes.

The expression cassette will include in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region, a HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polynucleotide sequence of the invention, and a transcriptional and translational termination region functional in plants. These genes can be added either alone or in combination. The transcriptional initiation region, the promoter, may be native or analogous or foreign or heterologous to the plant host. Additionally, the promoter may be the natural sequence or alternatively a synthetic sequence. By “foreign” is intended that the transcriptional initiation region is not found in the native plant into which the transcriptional initiation region is introduced. As used herein, a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence.

While it may be preferable to express the sequences using heterologous promoters, the native promoter sequences may be used. Such constructs would change expression levels of HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase in the plant, plant cell or other host. Thus, the phenotype of the plant, plant cell or other host is altered.

The termination region may be native with the transcriptional initiation region, may be native with the operably linked DNA sequence of interest, or may be derived from another source. Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262:141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671-674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:141-149; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91:151-158; Ballas et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891-7903; and Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acid Res. 15:9627-9639.

Where appropriate, the gene(s) may be optimized for increased expression in the transformed plant. That is, the genes can be synthesized using plant-preferred codons for improved expression. See, for example, Campbell and Gowri (1990) Plant Physiol. 92:1-11 for a discussion of host-preferred codon usage. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing plant-preferred genes. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831, and 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:477-498, herein incorporated by reference.

Additional sequence modifications are known to enhance gene expression in a cellular host. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats, and other such well-characterized sequences that may be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the sequence may be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. When possible, the sequence is modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures.

The expression cassettes may additionally contain 5′ leader sequences in the expression cassette construct. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5′ noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6126-6130); potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Gallie et al. (1995) Gene 165(2):233-238), MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) (Virology 154:9-20), and human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP) (Macejak et al. (1991) Nature 353:90-94); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4) (Jobling et al. (1987) Nature 325:622-625); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV) (Gallie et al. (1989) in Molecular Biology of RNA, ed. Cech (Liss, New York), pp. 237-256); and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) (Lommel et al. (1991) Virology 81:382-385). See also, Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968. Other methods known to enhance translation can also be utilized, for example, introns, and the like.

In preparing the expression cassette, the various DNA fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers may be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, resubstitutions, e.g., transitions and transversions, may be involved.

A number of promoters can be used in the practice of the invention. The promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome. The nucleic acids can be combined with constitutive, chemically regulated, tissue-preferred, or other promoters for expression in plants.

Such constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other constitutive promoters disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050; the core CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812); rice actin (McElroy et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al. (1989) Plant Mot. Biol. 12:619-632 and Christensen et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689); pEMU (Last et al. (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588); MAS (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2723-2730); ALS promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026), and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142; and 6,177,611.

Chemically regulated promoters can be used to modulate the expression of a gene in a plant through the application of an exogenous chemical regulator. Depending upon the objective, the promoter may be a chemical inducible promoter, where application of the chemical induces gene expression, or a chemical repressible promoter, where application of the chemical represses gene expression. Chemical inducible promoters are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the maize In2-2 promoter, which is activated by benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners, the maize GST promoter, which is activated by hydrophobic electrophilic compounds that are used as pre-emergent herbicides, and the tobacco PR-1a promoter, which is activated by salicylic acid. Other chemically regulated promoters of interest include steroid-responsive promoters (see, for example, the glucocorticoid-inducible promoter in Schena et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10421-10425 and McNellis et al. (1998) Plant J. 14(2):247-257) and tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline-repressible promoters (see, for example, Gatz et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 227:229-237, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,618 and 5,789,156), herein incorporated by reference.

Tissue-preferred promoters can be utilized to target enhanced HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase expression within a particular plant tissue. Tissue-preferred promoters include Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12(2):255-265; Kawamata et al. (1997) Plant Cell Physiol. 38(7):792-803; Hansen et al. (1997) Mol. Gen. Genet. 254(3):337-343; Russell et al. (1997) Transgenic Res. 6(2):157-168; Rinehart et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(3):1331-1341; Van Camp et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(2):525-535; Canevascini et al. (1996) Plant Physiol. 112(2):513-524; Yamamoto et al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35(5):773-778; Lam (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20:181-196; Orozco et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 23(6):1129-1138; Matsuoka et al. (1993) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90(20):9586-9590; and Guevara-Garcia et al. (1993) Plant J. 4(3):495-505. Such promoters can be modified, if necessary, for weak expression.

Leaf-preferred promoters are known in the art. See, for example, Yamamoto et al. (1997) Plant J. 12(2):255-265; Kwon et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 105:357-67; Yamamoto et al. (1994) Plant Cell Physiol. 35(5):773-778; Gotor et al. (1993) Plant J. 3:509-18; Orozco et al. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 23(6):1129-1138; and Matsuoka et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90(20):9586-9590.

Root-preferred promoters are known and can be selected from the many available from the literature or isolated de novo from various compatible species. See, for example, Hire et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 20(2): 207-218 (soybean root-preferred glutamine synthetase gene); Keller and Baumgartner (1991) Plant Cell 3(10):1051-1061 (root-preferred control element in the GRP 1.8 gene of French bean); Sanger et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 14(3):433-443 (root-preferred promoter of the mannopine synthase (MAS) gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens); and Miao et al. (1991) Plant Cell 3(1):11-22 (full-length cDNA clone encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS), which is expressed in roots and root nodules of soybean). See also Bogusz et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2(7):633-641, where two root-preferred promoters isolated from hemoglobin genes from the nitrogen-fixing nonlegume Parasponia andersonii and the related non-nitrogen-fixing nonlegume Trema tomentosa are described. The promoters of these genes were linked to a β-glucuronidase reporter gene and introduced into both the nonlegume Nicotiana tabacum and the legume Lotus corniculatus, and in both instances root-preferred promoter activity was preserved. Leach and Aoyagi (1991) describe their analysis of the promoters of the highly expressed rolC and rolD root-inducing genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (see Plant Science (Limerick) 79(1):69-76). They concluded that enhancer and tissue-preferred DNA determinants are dissociated in those promoters. Teeri et al. (1989) used gene fusion to lacZ to show that the Agrobacterium T-DNA gene encoding octopine synthase is especially active in the epidermis of the root tip and that the TR2′ gene is root preferred in the intact plant and stimulated by wounding in leaf tissue, an especially desirable combination of characteristics for use with an insecticidal or larvicidal gene (see EMBO J. 8(2):343-350). The TR1′ gene, fused to nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase II) showed similar characteristics. Additional root-preferred promoters include the VfENOD-GRP3 gene promoter (Kuster et al. (1995) Plant Mol. Biol. 29(4):759-772); and rolB promoter (Capana et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 25(4):681-691. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,876; 5,750,386; 5,633,363; 5,459,252; 5,401,836; 5,110,732; and 5,023,179.

“Seed-preferred” promoters include both “seed-specific” promoters (those promoters active during seed development such as promoters of seed storage proteins) as well as “seed-germinating” promoters (those promoters active during seed germination). See Thompson et al. (1989) BioEssays 10:108, herein incorporated by reference. Such seed-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, Cim1 (cytokinin-induced message); cZ19B1 (maize 19 kDa zein); milps (myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase) (see WO 00/11177 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,529; herein incorporated by reference). Gamma-zein is an endosperm-specific promoter. Globulin 1 (Glb-1) is a representative embryo-specific promoter. For dicots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, bean β-phaseolin, napin, β-conglycinin, soybean lectin, cruciferin, and the like. For monocots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, maize 15 kDa zein, 22 kDa zein, 27 kDa zein, gamma-zein, waxy, shrunken 1, shrunken 2, Globulin 1, etc. See also the promoters found in the following: End1 and End2 (WO 00/12733), Lec1 (WO 2002/42424), Jip1 (WO 2002/42424), EAP1 (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0210043), ODP2 (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0223432); all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acids of interest are targeted to the chloroplast for expression. In this manner, where the nucleic acid of interest is not directly inserted into the chloroplast, the expression cassette will additionally contain a nucleic acid encoding a transit peptide to direct the gene product of interest to the chloroplasts or other plastids. Such transit peptides are known in the art. See, for example, Von Heijne et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 9:104-126; Clark et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:17544-17550; Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968; Romer et al. (1993) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196:1414-1421; and Shah et al. (1986) Science 233:478-481.

The HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptides of the invention can be targeted to specific compartments within the plant cell. Methods for targeting polypeptides to a specific compartment are known in the art. Generally, such methods involve modifying the nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide in such a manner as to add or remove specific amino acids from the polypeptide encoded thereby. Such amino acids comprise targeting signals for targeting the polypeptide to a specific compartment such as, for example, a the plastid, the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, the vacuole, the mitochondrion, the peroxisome, the Golgi apparatus, and for secretion from the cell. Targeting sequences for targeting a polypeptide to a specific cellular compartment, or for secretion, are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Chloroplast-targeting or plastid-targeting sequences are known in the art and include the chloroplast small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) (de Castro Silva Filho et al. (1996) Plant Mol. Biol. 30:769-780; Schnell et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266(5):3335-3342); 5-(enolpyruvyl)shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) (Archer et al. (1990) J. Bioenerg. Biomemb. 22(6):789-810); tryptophan synthase (Zhao et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270(11):6081-6087); plastocyanin (Lawrence et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272(33):20357-20363); chorismate synthase (Schmidt et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268(36):27447-27457); and the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (LHBP) (Lamppa et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:14996-14999). See also Von Heijne et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 9:104-126; Clark et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:17544-17550; Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968; Romer et al. (1993) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196:1414-1421; and Shah et al. (1986) Science 233:478-481.

Generally, the expression cassette will comprise a selectable marker gene for the selection of transformed cells. Selectable marker genes are utilized for the selection of transformed cells or tissues. Marker genes include genes encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO) and hygromycin B phosphotransferase, as well as genes conferring resistance to herbicidal compounds, such as glufosinate ammonium, bromoxynil, imidazolinones, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). See generally, Yarranton (1992) Curr. Opin. Biotech. 3:506-511; Christopherson et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6314-6318; Yao et al. (1992) Cell 71:63-72; Reznikoff (1992) Mol. Microbiol. 6:2419-2422; Barkley et al. (1980) in The Operon, pp. 177-220; Hu et al. (1987) Cell 48:555-566; Brown et al. (1987) Cell 49:603-612; Figge et al. (1988) Cell 52:713-722; Deuschle et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Aci. USA 86:5400-5404; Fuerst et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2549-2553; Deuschle et al. (1990) Science 248:480-483; Gossen (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Reines et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1917-1921; Labow et al. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3343-3356; Zambretti et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3952-3956; Baim et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5072-5076; Wyborski et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4647-4653; Hillenand-Wissman (1989) Topics Mol. Struc. Biol. 10:143-162; Degenkolb et al. (1991) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:1591-1595; Kleinschnidt et al. (1988) Biochemistry 27:1094-1104; Bonin (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Gossen et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-5551; Oliva et al. (1992) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:913-919; Hlavka et al. (1985) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 78 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); Gill et al. (1988) Nature 334:721-724. Such disclosures are herein incorporated by reference.

Other genes that could serve as selectable or scorable markers in the recovery of transgenic events but that might not be required in the final product would include, but are not limited to: GUS (β-glucoronidase), Jefferson (1987) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:387); fluorescent proteins, such as, GFP (green florescence protein), YFP (yello florescence protein), RFP (red florescence protein) and CYP (cyan florescence protein), WO 00/34321, WO 00/34526, WO 00/34323, WO 00/34322, WO 00/34318, WO 00/34319, WO 00/34320, WO 00/34325, WO 00/34326, WO 00/34324, Chalfie et al. (1994) Science 263:802; luciferase, Teeri et al. (1989) EMBO J. 8:343; and the maize genes encoding for anthocyanin production, Ludwig et al. (1990) Science 247:449.

The above list of selectable marker genes is not meant to be limiting. Any selectable marker gene can be used in the present invention.

The invention involves transforming host cells with the nucleotide constructs of the invention. Generally, the nucleotide construct will comprise a HGGT nucleotide and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase sequence of the invention, either a full length sequence or functional fragment thereof, operably linked to a promoter that drives expression in the host cell of interest. Host cells include, but are not limited to: plant cells; animal cells; fungal cells, particularly yeast cells; and bacterial cells.

The methods of the invention involve introducing a nucleotide construct into a plant. By “introducing” is intended presenting to the plant the nucleotide construct in such a manner that the construct gains access to the interior of a cell of the plant. The methods of the invention do not depend on a particular method for introducing a nucleotide construct to a plant, only that the nucleotide construct gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the plant. Methods for introducing nucleotide constructs into plants are known in the art including, but not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods, and virus-mediated methods.

By “stable transformation” is intended that the nucleotide construct introduced into a plant integrates into the genome of the plant and is capable of being inherited by progeny thereof. By “transient transformation” is intended that a nucleotide construct introduced into a plant does not integrate into the genome of the plant.

Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing nucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of introducing nucleotide sequences into plant cells and subsequent insertion into the plant genome include microinjection (Crossway et al. (1986) Biotechniques 4:320-334), electroporation (Riggs et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5602-5606, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Townsend et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055; Zhao et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840), direct gene transfer (Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2717-2722), and ballistic particle acceleration (see, for example, Sanford et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; Tomes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,918; Tomes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,244; Bidney et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,782; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); McCabe et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:923-926); and Lec1 transformation (PCT Publication No. 00/028058). Also see Weissinger et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Genet. 22:421-477; Sanford et al. (1987) Particulate Science and Technology 5:27-37 (onion); Christou et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (soybean); McCabe et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:923-926 (soybean); Finer and McMullen (1991) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P:175-182 (soybean); Singh et al. (1998) Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:319-324 (soybean); Datta et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:736-740 (rice); Klein et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4305-4309 (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:559-563 (maize); Tomes, U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,855; Buising et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,783 and 5,324,646; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 91:440-444 (maize); Fromm et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:833-839 (maize); Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al. (1984) Nature (London) 311:763-764; Bowen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369 (cereals); Bytebier et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5345-5349 (Liliaceae); De Wet et al. (1985) in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. Chapman et al. (Longman, New York), pp. 197-209 (pollen); Kaeppler et al. (1990) Plant Cell Reports 9:415-418 and Kaeppler et al. (1992) Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:560-566 (whisker-mediated transformation); D'Halluin et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:1495-1505 (electroporation); Li et al. (1993) Plant Cell Reports 12:250-255 and Christou and Ford (1995) Annals of Botany 75:407-413 (rice); Osjoda et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750 (maize via Agrobacterium tumefaciens); all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

The nucleotide constructs of the invention may also be introduced into plants by contacting plants with a virus or viral nucleic acids. Generally, such methods involve incorporating a nucleotide construct of the invention within a viral DNA or RNA molecule. It is recognized that a HGGT and/or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase of the invention may be initially synthesized as part of a viral polyprotein, which later may be processed by proteolysis in vivo or in vitro to produce the desired recombinant polypeptide. Further, it is recognized that promoters of the invention also encompass promoters utilized for transcription by viral RNA polymerases. Methods for introducing nucleotide constructs into plants and expressing a polypeptide encoded therein, involving viral DNA or RNA molecules, are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,889,191, 5,889,190, 5,866,785, 5,589,367 and 5,316,931; herein incorporated by reference.

Methods for transformation of chloroplasts are known in the art. See, for example, Svab et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:8526-8530; Svab and Maliga (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:913-917; Svab and Maliga (1993) EMBO J. 12:601-606. The method relies on particle gun delivery of DNA containing a selectable marker and targeting of the DNA to the plastid genome through homologous recombination. Additionally, plastid transformation can be accomplished by transactivation of a silent plastid-borne transgene by tissue-preferred expression of a nuclear-encoded and plastid-directed RNA polymerase. Such a system has been reported in McBride et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7301-7305.

The nucleic acids of interest to be targeted to the chloroplast may be optimized for expression in the chloroplast to account for differences in codon usage between the plant nucleus and this organelle. In this manner, the nucleic acids of interest may be synthesized using chloroplast-preferred codons. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,831, herein incorporated by reference.

The cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved.

As used herein, “transformed plants” include those plants directly transformed as provided herein, as well as plants that have the directly transformed plants in their pedigree and retain the change in genotype, such as the inclusion of the expression cassette, created by the original transformation. The terms “transformed plants” and “transgenic plants” are used interchangeably herein.

The present invention may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, maize (Zea mays), Brassica sp. (e.g., B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea), particularly those Brassica species useful as sources of seed oil, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), rye (Secale cereale), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare), millet (e.g., pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), finger millet (Eleusine coracana)), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), wheat (Triticum aestivum), soybean (Glycine max), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus), cassava (Manihot esculenta), coffee (Coffea spp.), coconut (Cocos nucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus), citrus trees (Citrus spp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), tea (Camellia sinensis), banana (Musa spp.), avocado (Persea americana), fig (Ficus casica), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), olive (Olea europaea), papaya (Carica papaya), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia), almond (Prunus amygdalus), sugar beets (Beta vulgaris), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), oats, barley, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers.

Vegetables include tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), lettuce (e.g., Lactuca sativa), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), lima beans (Phaseolus limensis), peas (Lathyrus spp.), and members of the genus Cucumis such as cucumber (C. sativus), cantaloupe (C. cantalupensis), and musk melon (C. melo). Ornamentals include azalea (Rhododendron spp.), hydrangea (Macrophylla hydrangea), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasanensis), roses (Rosa spp.), tulips (Tulipa spp.), daffodils (Narcissus spp.), petunias (Petunia hybrida), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), and chrysanthemum. Conifers that may be employed in practicing the present invention include, for example, pines such as loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliotii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata); Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); Western hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); Sitka spruce (Picea glauca); redwood (Sequoia sempervirens); true firs such as silver fir (Abies amabilis) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea); and cedars such as Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Preferably, plants of the present invention are crop plants (for example, maize, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica, soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, rye, millet, tobacco, etc.), more preferably cereal plants, yet more preferably maize, wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, rye and millet plants.

In some embodiments, the activity of a gene of the invention is reduced or eliminated by transforming a plant cell with an expression cassette expressing a polynucleotide that inhibits the expression of a target gene. The polynucleotide may inhibit the expression of one or more target genes directly, by preventing translation of the target gene messenger RNA, or indirectly, by encoding a polypeptide that inhibits the transcription or translation of a gene encoding the target gene. Methods for inhibiting or eliminating the expression of a gene in a plant are well known in the art, and any such method may be used in the present invention to inhibit the expression of one or more plant genes, such as, HGGT and/or gamma-tocoperol methyltransferase and/or 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase.

In accordance with the present invention, the expression of a target gene protein is inhibited if the protein level of the target gene is statistically lower than the protein level of the same target gene in a plant that has not been genetically modified or mutagenized to inhibit the expression of that target gene. In particular embodiments of the invention, the protein level of the target gene in a modified plant according to the invention is less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the protein level of the same target gene in a plant that is not a mutant or that has not been genetically modified to inhibit the expression of that target gene. The expression level of the target gene may be measured directly, for example, by assaying for the level of target gene expressed in the maize cell or plant, or indirectly, for example, by measuring the activity of the target gene enzyme in the maize cell or plant. The activity of a target gene protein is “eliminated” according to the invention when it is not detectable by at least one assay method described elsewhere herein.

Many methods may be used to reduce or eliminate the activity of a target gene. More than one method may be used to reduce the activity of a single target gene. In addition, combinations of methods may be employed to reduce or eliminate the activity of two or more different target genes. Non-limiting examples of methods of reducing or eliminating the expression of a plant target are given below.

Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including but not limited to knock-outs, such as, by insertion of a transposable element such as Mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)), other genetic elements such as a FRT, Lox or other site specific integration site, alteration of the target gene by homologous recombination (Bolon, B. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 95:4,12,154-61 (2004); Matsuda and Alba, A., Methods Mol. Bio. 259:379-90 (2004); Forlino, et. al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:53, 37923-30 (1999), antisense technology (see, e.g., Sheehy et al. (1988) PNAS USA 85:8805-8809; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065; 5,453,566; and 5,759,829; U.S. Patent Publication No. 20020048814); sense suppression (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,657; Flavell et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 3490-3496; Jorgensen et al. (1996) Plant Mol. Biol. 31: 957-973; Johansen and Carrington (2001) Plant Physiol. 126: 930-938; Broin et al. (2002) Plant Cell 14: 1417-1432; Stoutjesdijk et al (2002) Plant Physiol. 129: 1723-1731; Yu et al. (2003) Phytochemistry 63: 753-763; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,323, 5,283,184, and 5,942,657; U.S. Patent Publication No. 20020048814); RNA interference (Napoli et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:279-289; U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323; Sharp (1999) Genes Dev. 13:139-141; Zamore et al. (2000) Cell 101:25-33; and Montgomery et al. (1998) PNAS USA 95:15502-15507), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton, et al. (2000) Plant Cell 12:691-705; and Baulcombe (1999) Curr. Op. Plant Bio. 2:109-113); target-RNA-specific ribozymes (Haseloff et al., (1988) Nature 334: 585-591, U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071); hairpin structures (Smith et al. (2000) Nature 407:319-320; Waterhouse et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 13959-13964, Liu et al. (2002) Plant Physiol. 129: 1732-1743, Waterhouse and Helliwell (2003) Nat. Rev. Genet. 4:29-38; Chuang and Meyerowitz (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 4985-4990; Stoutjesdijk et al. (2002) Plant Physiol. 129: 1723-1731; Panstruga et al. (2003) Mol. Biol. Rep. 30: 135-140; Smith et al. (2000) Nature 407: 319-320; Smith et al. (2000) Nature 407:319-320; Wesley et al. (2001) Plant J. 27: 581-590; Wang and Waterhouse (2001) Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 146-150; Waterhouse and Helliwell (2003) Nat. Rev. Genet. 4: 29-38; Helliwell and Waterhouse (2003) Methods 30: 289-295; Pandolfini et al. BMC Biotechnology 3: 7; U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030180945; U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030175965; WO 99/49029; WO 99/53050; WO 99/61631; and WO 00/49035); transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) (Aufsatz et al. (2002) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 99 (Suppl. 4):16499-16506; Mette et al. (2000) EMBO J. 19(19):5194-5201; microRNA (Aukerman & Sakai (2003) Plant Cell 15:2730-2741); ribozymes (Steinecke et al. (1992) EMBO J. 11:1525; and Perriman et al. (1993) Antisense Res. Dev. 3:253); oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620; WO 03/048345; and WO 00/42219); methods of using amplicons (Angell and Baulcombe (1997) EMBO J. 16: 3675-3684, Angell and Baulcombe (1999) Plant J. 20: 357-362, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,646,805); polynucleotides that encode an antibody that binds to protein of interest (Conrad and Sonnewald (2003) Nature Biotech. 21: 35-36); transposon tagging (Maes et al. (1999) Trends Plant Sci. 4: 90-96; Dharmapuri and Sonti (1999) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 179: 53-59; Meissner et al. (2000) Plant J. 22: 265-274; Phogat et al. (2000) J. Biosci. 25: 57-63; Walbot (2000) Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2: 103-107; Gai et al. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res. 28: 94-96; Fitzmaurice et al. (1999) Genetics 153: 1919-1928; the TUSC process for selecting Mu insertions in selected genes (Bensen et al. (1995) Plant Cell 7: 75-84; Mena et al. (1996) Science 274: 1537-1540; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,764); other forms of mutagenesis, such as ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutagenesis, deletion mutagenesis, and fast neutron deletion mutagenesis used in a reverse genetics sense (with PCR) to identify plant lines in which the endogenous gene has been deleted (Ohshima et al. (1998) Virology 243: 472-481; Okubara et al. (1994) Genetics 137: 867-874; and Quesada et al. (2000) Genetics 154: 421-436; TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions In Genomes) (McCallum et al. (2000) Nat. Biotechnol. 18: 455-457) and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art. Each reference is herein incorporated by reference

An expression cassette is designed to reduce activity of the target gene may express an RNA molecule corresponding to all or part of a messenger RNA encoding a target gene in the sense or antisense orientation or a combination of both sense and antisense. Overexpression of the RNA molecule can result in reduced expression of the native gene. Accordingly, multiple plant lines transformed with the sense suppression expression cassette are screened to identify those that show the greatest inhibition of the target gene's expression.

The polynucleotide used for target gene suppression may correspond to all or part of the sequence encoding the target gene, all or part of the 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated region of a target gene transcript, or all or part of both the coding region and the untranslated regions of a transcript encoding of the target gene or all or part of the promoter sequence responsible for expression of the target gene. A polynucleotide used for sense suppression or other gene silencing methods may share 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 89%, 88%, 87%, 85%, 80%, or less sequence identity with the target sequence. When portions of the polynucleotides are used to disrupt the expression of the target gene, generally, sequences of at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, or 900 nucleotides or 1 kb or greater may be used.

The present invention includes:

In one embodiment, a transformed plant comprising in its genome: (a) a first recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; (ii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37 or 39; (iii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 or 40; (iv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (i)-(iii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; and (v) a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (i)-(iv); (b) a second recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (vi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; (vii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9; (viii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10; (ix) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (vi)-(viii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; and (x) a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (vi)-(ix); and (c) a third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (xi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53; (xiii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70; (xiv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (xi)-(xii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xv) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70; and (xvi) a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (xi)-(xv); wherein the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and the third recombinant nucleic acid molecule are stably incorporated into the genome of the transformed plant.

In another embodiment, a transformed plant comprising in its genome at least one recombinant nucleic acid molecule seclected from the group consisting of the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and the third recombinant nucleic acid molecule of above, wherein the at least one recombinant nucleic acid molecule is stably incorporated into the genome of the transformed plant.

In another embodiment, the transformed plant may be a monocot selected from the group consisting of maize, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley, millet and rye.

In another embodiment, the transformed plant may be a dicot selected from the group consisting of soybean, Brassica sp., alfalfa, safflower, sunflower, cotton, peanut, canola, Arabidopsis, tobacco and potato.

In another embodiment, the at least one regulatory sequence of the first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprises at least one promoter selected from the group consisting of seed-preferred, constitutive, chemically regulated, tissue-preferred, and developmentally regulated promoters.

In another embodiment, the invention includes seed of the transformed plant, wherein said seed comprises in its genome the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and the third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

In another embodiment, the transformed plant of the invention produces a seed with an increased level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, relative to a plant with a similar genetic background but lacking said first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, said second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and said third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

In another embodiment, the invention includes a method of increasing the level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, in a plant, comprising stably incorporating into a plant genome: (a) a first recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; (ii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37 or 39; (iii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 or 40; (iv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (i)-(iii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; and (v) a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (i)-(iv); (b) a second recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (vi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; (vii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9; (viii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10; (ix) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (vi)-(viii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; and (x) a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (vi)-(ix); and (c) a third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (xi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53; (xiii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70; (xiv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (xi)-(xii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xv) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70; and (xvi) a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (xi)-(xv); and selecting a transformed plant that has an increased level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, relative to a plant with a similar genetic background but lacking said first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, said second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and said third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

In another embodiment, a method in which the first, second and third recombinant nucleic acid molecules are incorporated into the plant genome by co-transformation of a plant cell.

In another embodiment, a method in which at least one of said first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecules is incorporated into the plant genome by re-transformation of a transformed plant cell, wherein said transformed plant cell comprises at least one of said first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecules.

In another embodiment, a method in which at least one of said first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecule is incorporated into the plant genome by breeding.

In another embodiment, a method in which the at least one regulatory sequence of the first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprises at least one promoter selected from the group consisting of seed-preferred, constitutive, chemically regulated, tissue-preferred, and developmentally regulated promoters.

In another embodiment, the invention includes methods for transforming plants and plants cells to change the oil content therein comprising transforming a plant with one to three nucleotide sequences alone or in any combination of two or three nucleotide sequences. The method comprises; (a) obtaining a first plant comprising in its genome a first recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; (b) crossing the transgenic plant of step (a) with a second plant comprising in its genome a second recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; (c) crossing the transgenic plant of step (b) with a third plant comprising in its genome a third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; and (d) obtaining a progeny plant from said step (c) crossing, wherein said progeny plant comprises in its genome the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and the third recombinant nucleic acid molecule, and wherein said progeny plant exhibits an increased level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, relative to a plant with a similar genetic background but lacking said first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, said second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and said third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

In another embodiment, a method of increasing the level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, in a plant, comprising: (a) obtaining a first transformed plant comprising in its genome a first recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; (ii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37 or 39; (iii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 or 40; (iv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the entire coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one or (i)-(iii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity; and (v) a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (i)-(iv); (b) crossing the transformed plant of step (a) with a second transformed plant comprising within its genome a second recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (vi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; (vii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9; (viii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10; (ix) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the entire coding sequence of the nucleotide sequence set forth in (vi)-(viii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; and (x) a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (vi)-(ix); and (c) crossing the transformed plant of step (b) with a third transformed plant comprising within its genome a third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (xi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xii) a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53; (xiii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54 or 70; (xiv) a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in any one of (xi)-(xii), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; (xv) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity, wherein the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide has at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70; and (xvi) a nucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any one of (xi)-(xv); and selecting a progeny plant from said step (c) crossing, wherein said progeny plant comprises in its genome the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and the third recombinant nucleic acid molecule, and wherein said progeny plant exhibits an increased level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, relative to a plant with a similar genetic background but lacking said first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, said second recombinant nucleic acid molecule and said third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.

In another embodiment, any of the methods of the invention wherein the plant is a monocot is selected from the group consisting of maize, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley, millet and rye.

In another embodiment, any of the methods of the invention wherein the plant is a dicot is selected from the group consisting of soybean, Brassica sp., alfalfa, safflower, sunflower, cotton, peanut, canola, Arabidopsis, tobacco and potato.

In another embodiment, the invention includes transformed seed or byproducts of any of the transformed plants of the invention.

In another embodiment, the transformed seed of the invention has an alpha-tocotrienol level of at least 20 ppm.

In another embodiment, the transformed seed of the invention contains alpha-tocotrienol in an amount of at least 20% of total tocopherol and tocotrienol content in the transformed seed.

In another embodiment, the transformed seed of the invention has an alpha-tocotrienol content of at least 70% of total combined tocopherol and tocotrienol content in the transformed seed.

In another embodiment, the transformed seed of the invention contains a combined level of alpha-tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol of at least 95% of total tocopherol and tocotrienol content in the transformed seed.

In another embodiment, a method of improving the tissue quality of an animal, comprising feeding the animal the transformed seed of the invention.

In another embodiment, the tissue is meat and the quality of the meat is measured by at least one criteria selected from the group consisting of increased pH, improved food color, improved oxidative stability, increased shelf life and reduced purge.

In another embodiment, the animal is a ruminant, preferably cattle.

In another embodiment, the animal is a non-ruminant, preferably swine or poultry.

In another embodiment, an isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:57.

In another embodiment, an isolated polynucleotide comprising: (a) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity, wherein the polypeptide has an amino acid sequence of at least 95% sequence identity, based on the Clustal W method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO:54 or 70, or (b) a complement of the nucleotide sequence, wherein the complement and the nucleotide sequence consist of the same number of nucleotides and are 100% complementary. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide preferably comprises SEQ ID NO:54 or 70. The nucleotide sequence preferably comprises SEQ ID NO:53.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes a vector comprising any of the isolated polynucleotides of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes a recombinant DNA construct comprising any of the isolated polynucleotides of the present invention operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence.

In another embodiment, the present invention concerns a method for transforming a cell comprising transforming a cell with any of the isolated polynucleotides of the present invention. The cell transformed by this method is also included. In particular embodiments, the cell is eukaryotic cell, e.g., a yeast, insect or plant cell, or prokaryotic, e.g., a bacterium.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes a method for producing a transgenic plant comprising transforming a plant cell with any of the isolated polynucleotides or recombinant DNA constructs of the present invention and regenerating a transgenic plant from the transformed plant cell. The invention is also directed to the transgenic plant produced by this method, and transgenic seed obtained from this transgenic plant.

In another embodiment, an isolated polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity, wherein the polypeptide has an amino acid sequence of at least 95% sequence identity, based on the Clustal W method of alignment, when compared to one of SEQ ID NO:54 or 70. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide prefereably comprises SEQ ID NO:54 or 70.

In another embodiment, a method for isolating a polypeptide having 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity comprising isolating the polypeptide from a cell or culture medium of the cell, wherein the cell comprises a recombinant DNA construct comprising the polynucleotide of the invention operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence.

In another embodiment, a method of altering the level of expression of a 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase in a host cell comprising: (a) transforming a host cell with the recombinant DNA construct of the invention; and (b) growing the transformed host cell under conditions that are suitable for expression of the recombinant DNA construct wherein expression of the recombinant DNA construct results in production of altered levels of the 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase in the transformed host cell.

The following examples are presented by way of illustration, not by way of limitation.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further defined in the following Examples, in which parts and percentages are by weight and degrees are Celsius, unless otherwise stated. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration, not by way of limitation. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Example 1 Alpha- and Beta-Tocotrienol Production in Arabidopsis thaliana by Transgenic Expression of Barley HGGT and Soybean Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase

The cDNA for barley homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT) (bdl2c.pk006.o2; SEQ ID NO:2) and soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (sah1c.pk004.g2; SEQ ID NO:12) were expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to demonstrate the feasability of these cDNA for alpha and beta-tocotrienol production in transgenic plants.

A transformation vector was constructed using standard molecular tools that expressed the barley HGGT gene under the control of the β-conglycinin promoter of soybean (Beachy et al., EMBO J. 4:3047-3053 (1985)) and the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene under the control of the Kti promoter (Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor, Jofuku et. al., (1989) Plant Cell 1:1079-1093).

The 1.1 kb DNA fragment containing the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene was excised from SC1 (see Example 3) using the restriction enzyme NotI, and ligated, in the sense orientation behind the Kti promoter, to DNA of KS126 (PCT Publication No. WO 04/071467) linearized with the restriction enzyme NotI to give KS308 (SEQ ID NO:41).

The 3.1 kb DNA fragment containing β-conglycinin promoter, HGGT gene, and phaseolin terminator was excised from SC38 (see Example 3) using the restriction enzyme AscI, the ends were blunted with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I, and ligated to DNA of KS178 (construction described below) to give KS270 (SEQ ID NO:42). KS178 had previously been linearized with the restriction enzyme Pad followed by filling in of 3′ overhangs with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I.

KS178 was constructed as follows. The 4.0 kb DNA fragment containing the SAMS/ALS/ALS3′ cassette, was excised from pZSL13LeuB (PCT Publication No. WO 04/071467) using the restriction enzymes PstI and SmaI, the ends were blunted with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I, and ligated to DNA of KS102 (PCT Publication No. WO 04/071467) linearized with the restriction enzyme BamHI, to give KS178. Prior to ligation the ends of the linearized KS102 vector were blunted with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I.

The 3.4 kb DNA fragment containing the gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase expression cassette was excised from KS308 using the restriction enzyme AscI, the ends were blunted with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I, and ligated to DNA of pBLUESCRIPT® II KS− (Stratagene) linearized with the restriction enzyme SmaI. The resulting vector was linearized with the restriction enzyme SnaBI, and ligated to the 3.0 kb DNA fragment containing the HGGT expression cassette removed from KS270 using the restriction enzymes Pad and BamHI to give KS318. Prior to ligation the ends of this fragment were blunted with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I. The 6.4 kb DNA fragment containing the HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase expression cassettes was excised from KS318 using the restriction enzyme SalI, and ligated to DNA of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector pZBL120, linearized with SalI, to give KS319. The T-DNA of the plant transformation vector KS319 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:43.

Applicants note that the binary vector pZBL120 is identical to the pZBL1 binary vector (American Type Culture Collection Accession No. 209128) described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,793, except the NOS promoter was replaced with a 963 bp 35S promoter (NCBI Accession No. V00141; also known as NCBI General Indentifier No. 58821) from nucleotide 6494 to 7456 in the Nos/P-nptII-OCS 3′ gene. The new 35S promoter-nptII-OCS 3′ gene serves as a kanamycin (Kan) resistance plant selection marker in pZBL120.

Generation and Analysis of Transgenic Arabidospis Lines:

Plasmid DNA of KS319 was introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens NTL4 (Luo et al, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (2001) 14(1):98-103) by electroporation. Briefly, 1 μg plasmid DNA was mixed with 100 μL of electro-competent cells on ice. The cell suspension was transferred to a 100 μL electro oration curette (1 mm gap width) and electro orated using a BIORAD electro orator set to 1 kV, 400Ω and 25 μF. Cells were transferred to 1 mL LB medium and incubated for 2 h at 30° C. Cells were plated onto LB medium containing 50 μg/mL kanamycin. Plates were incubated at 30° C. for 60 h. Recombinant agrobacterium cultures (500 mL LB, 50 μg/mL kanamycin) were inoculated from single colonies of transformed agrobacterium cells and grown at 30° C. for 60 h. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (5000×g, 10 min) and resuspended in 1 L of 5% (W/V) sucrose containing 0.05% (V/V) Silwet. Arabidopsis plants were grown in soil at a density of 30 plants per 100 cm² pot in METRO-MIX® 360 soil mixture for 4 weeks (22° C., 16 h light/8 h dark, 100 μE m⁻²s⁻¹). Plants were repeatedly dipped into the agrobacterium suspension harboring the binary vector KS319 and kept in a dark, high humidity environment for 24 h. Plants were grown for three to four weeks under standard plant growth conditions described above and plant material was harvested and dried for one week at ambient temperatures in paper bags. Seeds were harvested using a 0.425 mm mesh brass sieve.

Cleaned Arabidopsis seeds (2 grams, corresponding to about 100,000 seeds) were sterilized by washes in 45 mL of 80% ethanol, 0.01% triton X-100, followed by 45 mL of 30% (V/V) household bleach in water, 0.01% triton X-100 and finally by repeated rinsing in sterile water. Aliquots of 20,000 seeds were transferred to square plates (20×20 cm) containing 150 mL of sterile plant growth medium comprised of 0.5×MS salts, 1.0% (W/V) sucrose, 0.05 MES/KOH (pH 5.8), 200 μg/mL timentin, and 50 μg/mL kanamycin solidified with 10 g/L agar. Homogeneous dispersion of the seed on the medium was facilitated by mixing the aqueous seed suspension with an equal volume of melted plant growth medium. Plates were incubated under standard growth conditions for ten days. Kanamycin-resistant seedlings were transferred to plant growth medium without selective agent and grown to maturity.

A total of 137 transgenic lines were generated and subjected to HPLC analysis: 5 mg crushed seed were extracted at ambient temperature in 200 μL of heptane. Tocopherols and tocotrienols were quantitated by HPLC as described in Example 3. The highest total tocotrienol content was 2,800 ppm. The highest alpha-tocotrienol content was 400 ppm. In these events, 25% of all tocopherols and tocotrienols comprised of alpha-tocotrienol.

Two events, #58 and #135 were advanced to transgene homozygousity by repeated selfing. T2 seed of both events contained 25% of kanamycin-sensitive seed indicating that both events contained transgene insertion at a single genetic locus. Bulk seed were produced from T3 seed that no longer segregated kanamycin-sensitive progeny. Fifty mg of T4 seed material was extracted in 1 mL of heptane. Tocopherol and tocotrienol were quantitated by HPLC and these results are found in Table 5. As discussed below, event #58 expressed HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase genes. Event #135 expressed only HGGT.

TABLE 5 Tocol Composition (% of total tocols) of Homozygous T4 Seed Material of Transgenic Arabidopsis Lines alpha- beta- gamma- tocoph- tocoph- tocoph- delta- line erol erol erol tocopherol Tocopherol wild-type ppm 6 0 396 9 411 % 2 0 96 2 #135 ppm 25 4 326 104 455 % 1 0 12 4 #58 ppm 308 58 98 30 495 % 15 3 5 1 wild-type ppm 0 0 0 0 0 % 0 0 0 0 #135 ppm 13 0 1754 590 2358 % 0 0 62 21 #58 ppm 419 47 876 273 1615 % 20 2 42 13

Table 5 indicates that event #135 apparently only expresses the barley HGGT gene. The seed tocotrienol profile of event #135 resembles that of leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis plants over-expressing the barley HGGT gene. The leaf profile is dominated by gamma-tocotrienol with alpha-tocotrienol comprising less than 3% of the total tocotrienol fraction (see PCT Publication No. WO 03/082899; U.S. Application No. 2004/0034886; Cahoon et al. (2003) Nat. Biotechnol. 21:1082-1087). Applicants note that in line #135 only trace levels of alpha-tocotrienol are detected. Hence, there is very little endogenous enzyme activity present in Arabidopsis seed that can convert gamma-tocotrienol to alpha-tocotrienol.

In contrast to the above, the co-expression of the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene with the HGGT gene in event #58 leads to significant accumulation of alpha-tocotrienol with levels of 419 ppm. The oil content of heptane extracts was measured using sodium methoxide derivatization followed by GC analysis (see below). Using this analysis, it was determined that the seed oil of event #58 contained 1,200 ppm alpha-tocotrienol. The alpha-tocotrienol of event #58 makes up about 20% of the total tocopherols and tocotrienols. About 30% of gamma-tocotrienol is converted to alpha-tocotrienol. Applicants note that expression of the gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene may be low, because a heterologous promoter was used. Even higher levels of alpha-tocotrienol will very likely be observed if the gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene is expressed under control of an endogenous seed-preferred promoter. Nevertheless, the Arabidopsis data has demonstrated that the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene is an efficient enzyme catalyst for methylation of tocotrienols for the production of alpha- and beta-tocotrienol.

One skilled in the art understands that the homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferases (HGGT) and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferases found in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively, may also be expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to demonstrate the feasability of using these cDNA to increase alpha and beta-tocotrienol production in transgenic plants.

GC/MS Analysis to Confirm Identity of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols:

Total tocol analysis was performed on an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph in conjunction with Agilent 5973 Mass Selective Detector (MSD). Four μL samples of heptane extracts of Arabidopsis seeds of lines #58 and #135 were injected into a split/splitless injector (2:1 split ratio) held at 300° C. Chromatographic separation was performed on a 30 m×250 μm (ID)×0.25 μm (film thickness) Agilent DB5MS column using helium gas as the carrier (39 cm/sec linear velocity). The oven temperature profile was as follows: 260° C., hold 4 min; 2° C. ramp to 340° C., hold for 12 min. Compounds eluting from the column were directed into the MSD though a heated (325° C.) transfer line and ionized (70 eV). The MSD was tuned using the standard tune protocol and was run in Scan mode (10-500 mass range). Data was analyzed using ChemStation (Agilent) and AMDIS version 2.1 (National Institute of Standards and Technology; NIST).

Compound identity was confirmed by comparing compound elution times with those of authentic samples and by mass spectral comparisons with an electronic database (version 2.0, NIST). The database contained entries for alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols, as well as the internal standard (alpha-tocopherol acetate). Library entries were not available for any of the tocotrienols. The identity of these compounds was therefore confirmed by comparison of the chromatographic elution and by visual comparison of the mass-spectrum with those of authentic standards run under the same chromatographic conditions.

Example 2 Production of Tocotrienols in Transgenic Soybean Lines: Molecular Stack of Barley HGGT and Soybean Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase

To demonstrate the ability to produce increased levels of alpha-tocotrienols, beta-tocotrienols, or both, in transgenic soybean lines, the barley HGGT cDNA (bdl2c.pk006.o2; SEQ ID NO:2) and soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (sah1c.pk004.g2; SEQ ID NO:12) were used in a molecular stack (progeny with both transgene-related traits).

Transgenic soybean lines were generated with plasmid DNA of KS270 and KS308, see Example 1, using particle bombardment of embryogenic callus.

KS270 provides the barley HGGT gene under control of 617 bp of the soybean O-conglycinin promoter. The polyadenylation signal for the HGGT transcript is derived from the terminator of the phaseolin gene (from the bean Phaseolus vulgaris; Doyle et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:9228-9238). The plasmid also contains the cDNA of a sulfonylurea-resistant variant of the soybean ALS gene that is under control of 1217 bp of the SAMS promoter. The polyadenylation signal for the HGGT transcript is derived from the terminator of the soybean ALS gene.

KS308 provides the gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene from soybean under the control of 2090 bp of the soybean Kti promoter. The polyadeylation signal for the gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase transcript is derived from the terminator of the Kti gene. KS308 also provides a hygromycin B phosphotransferase (HPT) resistance gene (Gritz et al. (1983) Gene 25:179-188) that is under control of 1408 bp of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812). The polyadenylation signal for the hygromycin resistance gene is derived from the terminator of nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures were transformed with DNA plasmids KS270 in conjunction with KS308 by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al. (1987) Nature (London) 327:70-73, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050) using a BIORAD BIOLISTIC™ PDS1000/He instrument. The following stock solutions and media were used for transformation and regeneration of soybean plants:

Stock Solutions:

-   Sulfate 100× Stock: 37.0 g MgSO₄.7H₂O, 1.69 g MnSO₄.H₂O, 0.86 g     ZnSO₄.7H₂O, 0.0025 g CuSO₄.5H₂O -   Halides 100× Stock: 30.0 g CaCl₂.2H₂O, 0.083 g KI, 0.0025 g     CoCl₂.6H₂O -   P, B, Mo 100× Stock: 18.5 g KH₂PO₄, 0.62 g H₃BO₃, 0.025 g     Na₂MoO₄.2H₂O -   Fe EDTA 100× Stock: 3.724 g Na₂EDTA, 2.784 g FeSO₄.7H₂O -   2,4-D Stock: 10 mg/mL -   Vitamin B5 1000× Stock: 10.0 g myo-inositol, 0.10 g nicotinic acid,     0.10 g pyridoxine HCl, 1 g thiamine.

Media (per Liter):

-   SB196: 10 mL of each of the above stock solutions, 1 mL B5 Vitamin     stock, 0.463 g (NH₄)₂SO₄, 2.83 g KNO₃, 1 mL 2,4-D stock, 1 g     asparagine, 10 g Sucrose, pH 5.7 -   SB103: 1 pk. Murashige & Skoog salts mixture, 1 mL B5 Vitamin stock,     750 mg MgCl₂ hexahydrate, 60 g maltose, 2 g GELRITE®, pH 5.7. -   SB166: SB103 supplemented with 5 g per liter activated charcoal. -   SB71-4: Gamborg's B5 salts, 1 mL B5 vitamin stock, 30 g sucrose, 5 g     TC agar, pH 5.7.

To prepare tissue for transformation, soybean embryogenic suspension cultures were maintained in 35 mL liquid medium (SB196) on a rotary shaker (150 rpm) at 28° C. with fluorescent lights providing a 16 hour day/8 hour night cycle. Cultures were subcultured every 2 weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 mL of fresh liquid media.

In particle gun bombardment procedures it is possible to use purified 1) entire plasmid DNA or, 2) DNA fragments containing only the recombinant DNA expression cassette(s) of interest. For every seventeen bombardment transformations, 85 μL of suspension is prepared containing 1 to 90 picograms (pg) of plasmid DNA per base pair of each DNA plasmid. Both recombinant DNA plasmids were co-precipitated onto gold particles as follows. The DNAs in suspension were added to 50 μL of a 20-60 mg/mL 0.6 μm gold particle suspension and then combined with 50 μL CaCl₂ (2.5 M) and 20 μL spermidine (0.1 M). The mixture was vortexed for 5 seconds, spun in a microfuge for 5 seconds, and the supernatant removed. The DNA-coated particles were then washed once with 150 μL of 100% ethanol, vortexed and spun in a microfuge again, then resuspended in 85 μL of anhydrous ethanol. Five μL of the DNA-coated gold particles were then loaded on each macrocarrier disk.

Approximately 150 to 250 mg of two-week-old suspension culture was placed in an empty 60 mm×15 mm petri plate and the residual liquid removed from the tissue using a pipette. The tissue was placed about 3.5 inches away from the retaining screen and each plate of tissue was bombarded once. Membrane rupture pressure was set at 650 psi and the chamber was evacuated to −28 inches of Hg. Three plates were bombarded, and, following bombardment, the tissue from each plate was divided between two flasks, placed back into liquid media, and cultured as described above.

Seven days after bombardment, the liquid medium was exchanged with fresh SB196 medium supplemented with 30-50 mg/L hygromycin. The selective medium was subsequently refreshed weekly or biweekly. Seven weeks post-bombardment, bright green, transformed tissue was observed growing from untransformed, chlorotic or necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated green tissue was removed and inoculated into individual wells in six-well culture dishes to generate new, clonally-propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. Thus, each new line was treated as independent transformation event in an individual well. These suspensions can then be maintained as suspensions of embryos clustered in an immature developmental stage through subculture or they can be regenerated into whole plants by maturation and germination of individual somatic embryos.

After two weeks in individual cell wells, transformed embryogenic clusters were removed from liquid culture and placed on solidified medium (SB166) containing no hormones or antibiotics for one week. Embryos were cultured for at 26° C. with mixed fluorescent and incandescent lights on a 16 hour day/8 hour night schedule. After one week, the cultures were then transferred to SB103 medium and maintained in the same growth conditions for 3 additional weeks.

Somatic embryos became suitable for germination after 4 weeks and were then removed from the maturation medium and dried in empty petri dishes for 1 to 5 days. The dried embryos were then planted in SB71-4 medium where they were allowed to germinate under the same light and temperature conditions as described above. Germinated embryos were transferred to sterile soil and grown to maturity for seed production.

A total of fourteen events were created by co-transformation with KS270 and KS308 plasmids. Tocol composition of T1 seed was assayed as follows. A seed chip (approximately 5-15 mg of tissue) was obtained from the cotyledon tissue of the seed. The chip was extracted with 100 μL of heptane for 2 hours. Tocopherol and tocotrienol was quantitated by HPLC analysis as described in Example 3.

A total of 14 events were generated and analyzed. Seed from five events contained significant levels of tocotrienol. Three of these also contained significant levels (>150 ppm) of alpha- and beta-tocotrienol. One event did not show conversion of gamma- to alpha-tocotrienol and one event did only exhibit low levels of gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity (20-150 ppm alpha-tocotrienol). One event 4060.2.5.1 was selected for further work. For event 4060.2.5.1, seven out of ten T1 seed showed the transgenic trait, indicating that these events likely had a single or multiple transgenic insertion at a single genetic locus. Positive-positive T1 seed were planted and T2 seed were selected from individual plants. A total of forty-eight T2 seed was analyzed by HPLC and the results can be found in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Tocol Composition (% of total tocopherols (tocph.) and tocotrienols (toct.)) for T2 Progeny of Event 4060.2.5.1 alpha- beta- gamma- delta- alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocph. toct. No. tocph. tocph. tocph. tocph. toct. toct. toct. toct. (ppm) (ppm) 1 8 4 0 0 31 24 12 20 406 2786 2 9 5 0 0 31 22 15 19 474 3100 3 8 4 0 0 30 24 13 21 453 3172 4 9 4 0 0 30 23 14 20 471 2922 5 7 4 0 0 30 24 13 21 389 3059 6 9 5 0 0 29 22 13 22 479 3046 7 9 5 0 0 29 23 12 22 434 2596 8 9 5 0 0 29 22 13 22 454 2693 9 9 5 0 0 28 22 13 22 442 2595 10 10 5 0 0 28 22 13 22 487 2686 11 8 5 0 0 28 22 15 21 292 1846 12 10 5 0 0 27 22 12 23 401 2120 13 10 5 0 0 27 23 12 23 384 2164 14 10 5 0 0 27 19 17 23 424 2481 15 8 3 0 0 26 14 26 22 382 2912 16 8 5 0 0 26 22 14 26 468 3128 17 8 5 0 0 26 22 14 26 399 2692 18 9 5 0 0 25 21 14 25 477 2906 19 7 5 0 0 25 23 13 26 365 2580 20 7 5 0 0 25 21 14 27 405 2826 21 7 5 0 0 25 22 14 27 442 3138 22 11 5 0 0 24 16 19 24 408 2084 23 8 6 0 0 24 22 14 27 435 2818 24 7 5 0 0 24 20 15 29 411 2947 25 9 6 0 0 24 21 13 27 412 2340 26 9 6 0 0 24 20 15 27 453 2624 27 9 6 0 0 23 21 14 27 392 2315 28 9 6 0 0 23 20 14 28 443 2415 29 8 2 1 0 22 10 36 21 460 3873 30 7 5 0 0 22 21 14 30 386 2723 31 9 5 0 0 22 18 17 30 435 2718 32 16 1 73 10 0 0 0 0 383 0 33 51 2 45 2 0 0 0 0 368 0 34 35 2 59 4 0 0 0 0 362 0 35 20 1 69 10 0 0 0 0 353 0 36 36 2 56 5 0 0 0 0 325 0 37 18 2 71 10 0 0 0 0 357 0 38 35 3 58 5 0 0 0 0 307 0 39 13 2 74 11 0 0 0 0 302 0 40 25 2 64 9 0 0 0 0 353 0 41 18 1 71 10 0 0 0 0 328 0 42 25 2 64 9 0 0 0 0 353 0 43 17 2 70 11 0 0 0 0 384 0 44 14 1 73 12 0 0 0 0 337 0 45 20 1 70 8 0 0 0 0 344 0 46 16 1 73 10 0 0 0 0 335 0 47 16 1 74 10 0 0 0 0 328 0 48 18 1 71 8 0 0 0 2 354 0

The T2 seed were generated through selfing of a transgenic line that was heterzogous for a single dominant transgenic trait. Accordingly, one would expect to detect 25% (12/48) non-transgenic segregants. Applicants observed 35% (17/48) non-transgenic segregants (see numbers 32-48). Seeds numbers 1 to 31 are transgenic segregants.

T2 progeny with both transgene-related traits were found to contain at least 590 ppm and as much as 1,099 ppm alpha-tocotrienol and at least 401 ppm and as much as 868 ppm beta-tocotrienol. In these T2 lines, alpha-tocotrienol constituted at least 22% and up to 31%, and integers in between, of the total tocopherol and tocotrienol fraction. Oil content of the heptane extracts was determined by derivatization with sodium methoxide followed by GC analysis. Oil could be calculated from that tocotrienol concentrations expressed as ppm. T2 progeny with both transgene-related traits contained an oil with at least 2,618 ppm and as much as 4,891 alpha-tocotrienol and at least 1,732 ppm and as much as 3,804 ppm beta-tocotrienol. Applicants also tested for a possible negative effect of the high alpha- and beta-tocotrienol content on seed weight. To this end, seed weight of the forty-eight T2 seed was plotted against alpha-tocotrienol content. No correlation between seed weight and alpha-tocotrienol content could be detected. Moreover, no unusual seed phenotypes related to seed shape, coloration or germination behaviour were observed in seed with the high alpha- and beta-tocotrienol trait.

One skilled in the art understands that the homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferases (HGGT) and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferases found in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively, may also be expressed in soybean to demonstrate the feasability of these cDNA for alpha- and beta-tocotrienol production in transgenic plants.

In summary, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase enzyme from soybean can efficiently use tocotrienol substrates, for example, by the foregoing method to generate a seed or an extracted oil with high levels of alpha- and beta-tocotrienol. The alpha-tocotrienol content of soybeans over-expressing barley HGGT and the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene exceeds that of any non-transgenic seed or oil described previously by at least one order of magnitude (Packer et al. (2001) J. Nutr. 131:369 S-373S; Bertoli et al. (1998) JAOCS 75:1037-1040; PCT Publication No. WO 00/072862). These results further demonstrate the ability to produce alpha- and beta-tocotrienols in a crop plant that does not normally accumulate these antioxidant molecules through the transgenic expression of nucleic acid fragments encoding HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptides.

Example 3 Production of Tocotrienols in Somatic Soybean Embryos and Transgenic Soybean Lines: Genetic Crossing of Barly HGGT and Soybean Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase

To demonstrate the ability to produce increased levels of alpha- and beta-tocotrienols in somatic soybean embryos and transgenic soybean lines, the barley HGGT cDNA (bdl2c.pk006.o2; SEQ ID NO:2) and soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (sah1c.pk004.g2; SEQ ID NO:12) were used in a genetic stack (progeny with both transgene-related traits produced by crossing).

Somatic soybean embryos have been used as model for the prediction of transgenic phenotypes in soybean seeds (Kinney, A. J. (1996) J. Food Lipids 3:273-292). Somatic soybean embryos and seeds are enriched in tocopherols, but contain little or no tocotrienols (Coughlan, unpublished result; The Lipid Handbook, 2nd Edition, Gunstone, F. D., et al., Eds., Chapman and Hall, London, 1994, pp. 129-131).

Plasmid DNA from clone sah1c.pk004.g2 was used as a template to prepare a NotI PCR fragment encoding the entire deduced open reading frame using the following PCR primers: forward primer 5′-AGCGCGGCCGCATGGCCACCGTGGTGAGGATCCCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:44), AND reverse primer 5′-AGCGCGGCCGCTTATTCAGGTTTTCGACATGTAATGATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:45).

PCR amplification was achieved using Pfu polymerase, and DNA of EST sah1c.pk004.g2 was used as the template. The product of this PCR reaction was purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and subcloned into pCR-Script-AMP (Stratagene) as described in the manufacturer's protocol. The amplified open-reading frame of the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene was then released as a NotI fragment and cloned into the corresponding site of soybean expression vector pKS67 to generate plasmid pSC1 (SEQ ID NO:50). The plasmid pKS67 was prepared by replacing in pRB20 (described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,784, incorporated herein by reference) the 800 bp Nos 3′ fragment, with the 285 bp Nos 3′ fragment containing the polyadenylation signal sequence and described in Depicker et al. (1982) J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:561-573. Ligation products were transformed into E. coli and recombinant clones were selected using hygromycin B selection.

Restriction digestion of plasmid DNA was used to identify cultures harboring plasmid DNA in which the start codon of the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase cDNA was in close proximity to the transcription start site of the soybean β-conglycinin promoter. In this plasmid construct, henceforth referred to as SC1, the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase cDNA is under the control of a 617 bp fragment of the soybean β-conglycinin promoter. The polyadenylation signal for the HGGT transcript is derived from the terminator of the phaseolin gene. Plasmid SC1 (SEQ ID NO:50) contains hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene under control of the cauliflower mosaic 35S promoter, which allows for selection of transformed plant cells by resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin B. Plasmid DNA of SC1 was used to generate transgenic somatic embryos of soybean as described below.

Transformation of Soybean Somatic Embryo Cultures:

The following stock solutions and media were used for transformation and propagation of soybean somatic embryos:

TABLE 7 Stock Solutions and Media for Transformation and Propagation of Soybean Somatic Embryos Stock Solutions (g/L) MS Sulfate 100x stock MgSO₄•7H₂O 37.0 MnSO₄•H₂O 1.69 ZnSO₄•7H₂O 0.86 CuSO₄•5H₂O 0.0025 MS Halides 100x stock CaCl₂•2H₂O 44.0 KI 0.083 CoCl₂•6H₂O 0.00125 KH₂PO₄ 17.0 H₃BO₃ 0.62 Na₂MoO₄•2H₂O 0.025 Na₂EDTA 3.724 FeSO₄•7H₂O 2.784 B5 Vitamin stock myo-inositol 100.0 nicotinic acid 1.0 pyridoxine HCl 1.0 thiamine 10.0 Media SB55 (per Liter) 10 mL of each MS stock 1 mL of B5 Vitamin stock 0.8 g NH₄NO₃ 3.033 g KNO₃ 1 mL 2,4-D (10 mg/mL stock) 0.667 g asparagine pH 5.7 SB 103 (per Liter) 1 pk. Murashige & Skoog salt mixture* 60 g maltose 2 g GELRITE ® pH 5.7 SB148 (per Liter) 1 pk. Murashige & Skoog salt mixture* 60 g maltose 1 mL B5 vitamin stock 7 g agarose pH 5.7 *(Gibco BRL)

Soybean embryonic suspension cultures were maintained in 35 mL liquid media (SB55) on a rotary shaker (150 rpm) at 28° C. with a mix of fluorescent and incandescent lights providing a 16 hour day/8 hour night cycle. Cultures were subcultured every 2 to 3 weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 mL of fresh liquid media.

Soybean embryonic suspension cultures were transformed with the plasmid containing the gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase sequence by the method of particle gun bombardment (see Klein et al. (1987) Nature 327:70-73) using a DUPONT™ BIOLISTIC™ PDS1000/He instrument. Five μL of pKS93s plastid DNA (1 mg/L), 50 μL Cal₂ (2.5 M), and 20 μL spermdine (0.1 M) were added to 50 μL of a 60 mg/mol 1 mm gold particle suspension. The particle preparation was agitated for 3 minutes, spun on a microphage for 10 seconds and the supernatant removed. The DNA-coated particles were then washed once with 400 μL of 70% ethanol and resuspended in 40 μL of anhydrous ethanol. The DNA/particle suspension was sonicated three times for 1 second each. Five μL of the DNA-coated gold particles were then loaded on each macro carrier disk.

Approximately 300 to 400 mg of two-week-old suspension culture was placed in an empty 60 mm×15 mm petri dish and the residual liquid removed from the tissue using a pipette. The tissue was placed about 3.5 inches away from the retaining screen and bombarded twice. Membrane rupture pressure was set at 1100 psi and the chamber was evacuated to −28 inches of Hg. Two plates were bombarded, and following bombardment, the tissue was divided in half, placed back into liquid media, and cultured as described above.

Fifteen days after bombardment, the liquid media was exchanged with fresh SB55 containing 50 mg/mL hygromycin. The selective media was refreshed weekly. Six weeks after bombardment, green, transformed tissue was isolated and inoculated into flasks to generate new transformed embryonic suspension cultures.

Transformed embryonic clusters were removed from liquid culture media and placed on a solid agar media, SB103, containing 0.5% charcoal to begin maturation. After one week, embryos were transferred to SB103 media minus charcoal. After five weeks on SB103 media, maturing embryos were separated and placed onto SB148 media. During maturation embryos were kept at 26° C. with a mix of fluorescent and incandescent lights providing a 16 hour day/8 hour night cycle. After three weeks on SB148 media, embryos were analyzed for the expression of the tocopherols. Each embryonic cluster gave rise to 5 to 20 somatic embryos.

Non-transformed somatic embryos were cultured by the same method as used for the transformed somatic embryos.

Analysis of Transformed Somatic Embryos:

At the end of the sixth week on SB148 medium, somatic embryos were harvested from 25 independently transformed lines. Somatic embryos were collected in pools of five and weighed for fresh weight. Excess embryos were stored in 96-well plates at −80° C. The pooled somatic embryos were lyophilized for 18 hours and the dry weight measured. The lyophilized somatic embryos were briefly pulverized with a hand held Potter homogeniser and then 600 μL of heptane added and the samples incubated for 24 hours in the dark at room temperature to extract oils and tocopherols. The heptane was decanted and a further 300 μL added to the samples. The extracts were combined and centrifuged (5 minutes, 12000 g). The supernatant was stored in amber hulk auto sampler vials at −20° C. prior to analysis.

HPLC analysis of the extracts was carried out using an HP1100 system (Agilent Technologies) 25 μL of the heptane sample was applied to a Lichrosphere Si 60 column (5 micron, 4×12.5 mm). The column was eluted with heptane/isopropanol (98:2 v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. After six minutes all four tocopherol isomers were eluted, as detected by a HP1100 fluorescence detector (Excitation wavelength 295 nm, emission wavelength 330 nm). Individual tocopherol standards (Matreya) were diluted with HPLC grade heptane to levels between 1 and 200 ng/μL to construct a 6-point external standard curve. Tocopherols in each oil were quantified using a standard curve run on the same day as the samples. The sum of tocopherol peak areas of samples from a non-transformed control line were compared with those of 25 independent gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase-transformed, hygromycin resistant lines.

Several events were identified that showed over-expression of the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene. In many of the lines 80% of the total tocol fraction was comprised of alpha-tocopherol in contrast to untransformed soybean embryos where gamma-tocopherol constitutes the dominant tocol molecule. Soybean plants were generated from clonal tissue derived from ten independent transgenic soybean events with high levels of alpha-tocopherol. Several plants were generated for each of the ten events. Five T1 seed from each transgenic event were subjected to HPLC analysis to determine the composition of the tocopherol fraction. Briefly, individual dry beans were homogenized using a tissue pulverizer (Genogrinder). Approximately 30 mg of tissue powder were extracted with 600 μL for 2 hours at ambient temperature. The heptane extract was cleared by brief centrifugation. Tocol composition of the heptane extracts was analyzed by HPLC as described previously. Percent alpha-tocopherol of T1 seed is summarized in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Percent Alpha-Tocopherol of T1 Seed Seed # Seed # Seed # Seed # Seed # Event 1 2 3 4 5 719/1/1/A 5.8 4.9 4.2 6.9 6.7 719/1/1/B 8.4 5.6 7.0 8.8 7.6 719/1/1/C 6.3 2.8 2.5 4.8 5.7 719/1/2/A 52.4 56.5 53.0 47.0 51.1 719/1/2/B 56.7 5.0 43.9 11.4 5.4 719/1/2/C 41.9 44.4 2.9 42.7 5.9 719/1/3/A 18.4 14.8 22.5 6.5 16.7 719/1/4/A 7.0 5.3 11.7 5.6 10.6 719/1/4/B 2.5 4.9 2.0 5.3 1.0 719/1/5/A 34.1 52.9 31.2 37.6 9.2 719/1/5/B 7.7 10.4 61.7 60.9 57.8 719/1/8/A 30.7 15.2 33.9 42.4 53.1 719/1/10/A 8.2 75.0 86.0 79.4 80.5 719/1/10/B 85.3 81.2 8.0 7.4 80.1 719/1/10/C 80.4 79.0 80.0 83.8 86.8 719/1/13/A 14.6 9.1 7.3 10.2 9.2 719/1/13/B 4.5 83.0 6.0 81.3 7.2 719/1/13/C 78.1 9.5 9.7 9.2 10.7 719/1/13/D 12.8 11.4 11.5 7.6 10.8 719/1/13/E 8.5 11.5 14.2 14.0 10.9 720/4/1/A 16.4 6.1 7.1 5.1 8.9 720/4/2/A 7.2 79.6 73.1 50.9 34.7 720/4/2/B 58.3 54.6 52.9 51.7 62.6 720/4/2/C 7.0 53.7 59.8 79.1 42.7 721/7/1/A 8.4 6.6 7.2 6.4 8.7

Event 719.1.10 was selected for advancement. The segregation of the high alpha-tocopherol trait in T1 seed indicated that this event has a single locus insertion of the over-expressed gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene. T1 plants were allowed to self and T2 seed selections from individual plants were subjected to HPLC analysis of individual seed. T2 seed selections were identified that no longer segregated seed with the low alpha-tocopherol content (alpha-tocopherol <10% of total tocol). Seed from these selections were planted and bulk seed that were homozygous of the transgene were harvested from these T2 plants.

Quantitative analysis of tocopherols of T3 seed was conducted as follows. Soybeans were ground in a FOSS tecator sample mill (FOSS, USA) using a 1 mm screen. 200 mg of tissue were extracted in 5 mL of heptane for two hours; alpha-tocopherol acetate was added as internal standard at a final concentration of 38 μg mL⁻¹. Ten μL of filtered heptane extract was subjected to HPLC using a Lichrospher column (250-4 HPLC cartridge, Si60, 5 μM particle size) using heptane containing 0.75% isopropanol as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL min⁻¹. External standards of all four tocopherols and tocotrienols (2.5 μg mL⁻¹) separated under identical conditions were used for tocol quantitation. Tocols were detected using a fluorescence detector using excitation and emission wavelengths of 295 nm, 330 nm, respectively. Table 9 indicates that EMSP 719.1.10 expresses high level of gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase activity indicated by the nearly quantitative conversion of gamma- and delta- to alpha- and beta-tocopherol, respectively. Applicants note that no tocotrienols could be detected.

TABLE 9 Tocol Composition of Homozygous T3 Seed of Event EMSP 719.1.10 alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocopherol tocopherol tocopherol tocopherol tocopherol ppm 148 29 5 3 183 % 77 15 2 1

Generation of a Transgenic Soybean Line with Seed-preferred Expression of the Barley HGGT Gene:

A DNA fragment was generated by PCR. The new DNA fragment contains the complete open reading frame (1224 bp; SEQ ID NO:46) of the barley HGGT cDNA flanked at 5′ and 3′ position by DNA sequences recognized by the restriction enzyme NotI. Briefly, the modified HGGT cDNA was amplified from a barley developing seed cDNA library (see PCT Publication No. WO 03/082899) using oligonucleotide primers that include NotI sites that start four nucleotides upstream of the start codon and two nucleotides downstream of the stop codon of the HGGT cDNA sequence, respectively. The sequences of the sense and antisense oligonucleotide primers used in this reaction were as follows: 5′-ttgcggccgcAGGATGCAAGCCGTCACGGCGGCAGCCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:47) and 5′-ttgcggccgcTTCACATCTGCTGGCCCTTGTAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:48).

(Note: The lower case, underlined nucleotide sequences correspond to added NotI restriction sites.) PCR amplification was achieved using Pfu polymerase, and an aliquot of the barley developing seed cDNA library described in PCT Publication No. WO 03/082899 was used as the template. The product of this PCR reaction was purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and subcloned into pCR-Script-AMP (Stratagene) as described in the manufacturer's protocol.

The amplified open-reading frame of the barley HGGT was then released as a NotI fragment and cloned into the corresponding site of soybean expression vector pKS123 (construction described below) to generate plasmid pSC38 (SEQ ID NO:49).

The construction of vector pKS123 was previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 02/008269 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). Briefly, plasmid pKS123 contains the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (HPT) (Gritz, L. and Davies, J. (1983) Gene 25:179-188), flanked by the T7 promoter and transcription terminator (T7prom/hpt/T7term cassette), and a bacterial origin of replication (ori) for selection and replication in bacteria (e.g., E. coli). In addition, pKS123 also contains the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene, flanked by the 35S promoter (Odell et al. Nature (1985) 313:810-812) and NOS 3′ transcription terminator (Depicker et al. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. (1982) 1:561:570) (35S/hpt/NOS3′ cassette) for selection in plants such as soybean. pKS123 also contains a NotI restriction site, flanked by the promoter for the α′ subunit of β-conglycinin (Beachy et al. EMBO J. (1985) 4:3047-3053) and the 3′ transcription termination region of the phaseolin gene (Doyle, J. J. et al. J. Biol. Chem. (1986) 261:9228-9238) thus allowing for strong tissue-preferred expression in the seeds of soybean of genes cloned into the NotI site.

Ligation products were transformed into E. coli and recombinant clones were selected using hygromycin B selection. Restriction digestion of plasmid DNA was used to identify cultures harboring plasmid DNA in which the start codon of the HGGT cDNA was in close proximity to the transcription start site of the soybean β-conglycinin promoter. In this plasmid construct henceforth referred to as SC38, the barley HGGT cDNA is under the control of a 617 bp fragment of the β-conglycinin promoter. The polyadenylation signal for the HGGT transcript is derived from the terminator of the phaseolin gene. Plasmid SC38 contains hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene under control of the cauliflower mosaic 35S promoter, which allows for selection of transformed plant cells by resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin B. Plasmid DNA of SC38 was used to generate transgenic somatic embryos of soybean as described above.

A total of 31 independent events were created. Analysis of tocopherols and tocotrienols was performed by HPLC analysis as described above. Eight events could be identified that contained detectable levels of tocotrienols indicating that in these transgenic events the barley HGGT enzyme was expressed. Tocotrienol levels are below detection limits of fluorescence detection in unmodified leaf and seed tissue of soybean. Transgenic soybeans plants were generated from somatic embryo tissue of one event (1052.5.2). A total of eight T1 seed were subjected analysis of tocopherols and tocotrienols by HPLC of these six seed contained detectable levels of tocotrienols. The segregation of the tocotrienol trait in T1 seed indicated that this event contains a single locus insertion of the β-conglycinin::HGGT expression cassette.

Nineteen randomly selected T1 seed were grown and T2 seed were selected from individual plants. Initially, eight seed from each T2 progeny were subjected to HPLC analysis. This analysis allowed Applicants to identify five T2 progeny that did not produce seed lacking tocotrienols. The non-segregating nature of these progeny was further confirmed through analysis of another eight seed by HPLC. One of the homozygous T2 seed selections was used to produce bulked T3 seed. This seed material was used for quantitative tocol analysis and these results are found in Table 10. Table 10 shows that soybeans over-expressing the HGGT gene from barley accumulate only gamma- and delta-tocotrienol. No alpha- or beta-tocotrienol could be detected in these transgenic lines.

TABLE 10 Tocol Composition of Homozygous T3 Seed of Event EMSP 1052.5.2 alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocopherol tocopherol tocopherol tocopherol tocopherol ppm 12 7 94 82 196 % 0 0 3 3 alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocotrienol tocotrienol tocotrienol tocotrienol tocotrienol ppm 0 0 1329 1212 2540 % 0 0 49 44

The tocotrienol profile of soybeans expressing the HGGT protein from barley indicate that there is no detectable activity converting gamma- and delta-tocotrienols to alpha- and beta-tocotrienols, respectively. Although not to be limited by theory, two possible scenarios could explain the lack of conversion of gamma- and delta-tocotrienol to alpha- and beta-tocotrienols in HGGT-expressing seed of dicotyledoneous plants such as soybean. First, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase enzymes from plants that do not synthesize tocotrienols may not accept tocotrienol substrates. According to this scenario, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase enzymes from monocotyledoneous plants have evolved into catalysts for tocotrienol methylation and their co-expression with HGGT would be required for biosynthesis of high levels of alpha- and beta-tocotrienols in dicots. Second, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase enzymes from dicots may be effective enzymes for synthesis of alpha- and beta-tocotrienols, but their endogenous expression level is too low to achieve conversion of tocotrienol substrates (i.e., the gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase enzymes may be saturated with tocopherol substrates from the over-expression of HGGT).

Combination of Traits for Over-expression of HGGT and Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase by Genetic Crossing:

EMSP 719.1.10 was crossed to EMSP 1052.5.2 to test the feasability of the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase enzyme for biosynthesis of alpha- and beta-tocotrienol. A total of 20 F1 seed was generated. Quantitative analysis of tocol composition of F1 seed was conducted on a total of four F1 seed and the results are found in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Tocol Composition of F1 Seed Containing Transgenes for Seed-Preferred Over-Expression of the HGGT Gene from Barley and the Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase Gene From Soybean alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocoph- tocoph- tocoph- tocoph- tocoph- erol erol erol erol erol EMSP 1052.5.2 ppm 11 5 93 74 184 % 0.8 0.4 6 5 EMSP1052.5.2; ppm 143 81 0 2 226 EMSP 719.1.10 % 14 8 0 0 EMSP 1052.5.2 ppm 0 0 581 681 1261 % 0 0 40 47 EMSP1052.5.2; ppm 274 289 54 146 763 EMSP 719.1.10 % 28 29 5 15

Comparison of the tocol profile of EMSP 1052.5.2 to that of F1 beans of a cross of EMSP 1052.5.2 to EMSP 719.1.10 reveals dramatic differences. Whereas alpha-tocotrienol is not detectable in the 1052.5.2 parent, it constitutes the second most abundant tocotrienol species in the crossed material. Applicants note that gamma-tocotrienol is almost completely converted to alpha-tocotrienol. The soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase enzyme evidently also converts delta- to beta-tocotrienol. The lower total tocotrienol concentration of the F1 beans (763 ppm compared to 1,261 ppm in the 1052.5.2 parent) may be attributed to the heterozygous state of the HGGT transgene in the F1 seed or could indicate that the two β-conglycinin promoter-driven transcripts are subject to transcriptional or post-transcriptional gene silencing due to identical promoter and/or 5′UTR sequences. F1 seed were germinated in soil and allow to self. A total of forty-eight F2 seed was analyzed by HPLC and the results are found in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Tocol Composition (percent of total tocopherols (tocph.) and tocotrienols (toct.)) for F2 Progeny of a Cross of EMSP 1052.5.2 to EMSP 719.1.10 alpha- beta- gamma- delta- alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocph. toct. No. tocph. tocph. tocph. tocph. toct. toct. toct toct. (ppm) (ppm) 1 10 7 0 0 31 37 5 10 217 1128 2 10 7 0 0 31 38 5 9 248 1220 3 10 6 0 0 30 36 9 10 196 1067 4 13 7 0 0 30 37 5 8 279 1124 5 9 6 0 0 30 33 9 13 239 1366 6 8 6 0 0 30 39 6 11 229 1408 7 12 7 0 0 30 33 8 10 271 1098 8 11 7 0 0 30 34 9 9 258 1158 9 10 6 0 0 29 34 7 13 227 1177 10 15 7 0 0 29 31 8 9 265 903 11 10 7 0 0 28 29 12 14 199 1005 12 8 6 0 0 28 36 8 14 227 1449 13 12 6 0 0 28 32 12 10 255 1144 14 9 7 0 0 28 35 8 13 227 1190 15 10 7 0 0 27 37 7 12 240 1196 16 13 8 0 0 27 31 7 14 263 996 17 11 7 0 0 27 34 8 13 228 1017 18 11 8 0 0 27 33 7 14 261 1095 19 10 7 0 0 27 36 7 12 256 1207 20 13 7 0 0 27 31 10 12 210 822 21 11 7 0 0 26 39 6 10 250 1108 22 8 7 0 0 26 40 7 12 228 1260 23 8 6 0 0 26 35 8 17 230 1409 24 12 7 0 0 26 28 14 14 193 818 25 10 8 0 0 26 37 6 13 265 1155 26 7 7 0 0 25 41 7 13 237 1472 27 8 7 0 0 24 38 7 15 224 1262 28 10 7 0 0 24 32 9 17 282 1385 29 7 6 0 0 24 37 8 18 176 1171 30 9 7 0 0 21 29 13 21 219 1111 31 2 1 7 4 1 0 46 40 238 1554 32 1 0 4 3 0 0 45 45 232 2284 33 1 1 5 3 0 0 47 43 190 1740 34 1 1 6 4 0 0 44 44 231 1784 35 2 0 6 3 0 0 51 37 225 1788 36 2 1 5 4 0 0 41 46 204 1499 37 86 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 244 0 38 84 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 253 0 39 83 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 183 0 40 82 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 216 0 41 81 17 1 1 0 0 0 0 317 0 42 80 19 1 0 0 0 0 0 221 0 43 78 19 2 1 0 0 0 0 226 0 44 34 3 56 7 0 0 0 0 225 0 45 26 3 59 11 0 0 0 0 337 0 46 23 2 64 10 0 0 0 0 213 0 47 13 2 69 17 0 0 0 0 261 0 48 12 2 70 16 0 0 0 0 216 0

Tocol analysis of forty-eight F2 seed revealed 30 F2 seed that expressed both transgene-related traits (see numbers 1-30), six and seven seed with only HGGT or gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase traits, (see numbers 31-36 and 37-43, respectively), and five wild-type seed (see numbers 44-48). These findings are very close to the expected segregation of two unlinked, dominant traits in the F2 generation of a cross of two parents that were homozygous for one of each of the dominant traits. The expected frequency of F2s with both transgenic traits is 62.5% (30/48). The expected frequency of F2s with a single transgenic trait or or no transgenic trait is 12.5% (6/48).

F2 progeny with both transgene-related traits were found to contain at least 258 ppm and as much as 487 ppm alpha-tocotrienol and at least 278 ppm and as much as 701 ppm beta-tocotrienol. The oil content of the heptane extracts was determined by derivatization with sodium methoxide followed by GC analysis. Oil was calculated from the tocotrienol concentrations expressed as ppm. F2 progeny with both transgene-related traits contained an oil with at least 1,670 ppm and as much as 2,940 alpha-tocotrienol and at least 1,800 ppm and as much as 4,080 ppm beta-tocotrienol. Applicants also tested for a possible negative effect of the high alpha- and beta-tocotrienol content on seed weight. To this end, seed weight of the forty-eight F2 seed was plotted against alpha-tocotrienol content. No correlation between seed weight and alpha-tocotrienol content could be detected.

In summary, gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase enzyme from soybean can efficiently use tocotrienol substrates, and the foregoing is a method to generate a seed or an extracted oil with high levels of alpha- and beta-tocotrienol. The alpha-tocotrienol content of soybeans over-expressing barley HGGT and the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene exceeds that of any non-transgenic seed or oil described previously by at least one order of magnitude (Packer et al. (2001) J. Nutr. 131:369 S-373S; Bertoli et al. (1998) JAOCS 75:1037-1040; PCT Publication No. WO 00/072862). These results further demonstrate the ability to produce alpha- and beta-tocotrienols in a crop plant that does not normally accumulate these antioxidant molecules through the transgenic expression of nucleic acid fragments encoding HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptides.

Example 4 Production of Alpha- and Beta-Tocotrienols in Maize (Zea mays) Seed

Maize oil, which is derived primarily from the embryo of maize seeds, is typically enriched in tocopherols but contains little or no tocotrienols (The Lipid Handbook, 2nd Edition, Gunstone, F. D., et al., Eds., Chapman and Hall, London, 1994, pp. 129-131). Embryo-preferred expression of the barley HGGT gene in maize leads to accumulation of high levels of tococtrienols. 70-80% of the tocotrienols accumulate in the form of gamma-tocotrienol and only 5-10% of the total tocotrienol fraction is represented by alpha-tocotrienol (see PCT Publication No. WO 03/082899; U.S. Application No. 2004/0034886, Cahoon et al. (2003) Nat. Biotechnol. 21:1082-1087.

Based on results disclosed in Examples 1, 2 and 3 of the instant application, the barley HGGT cDNA (bdl2c.pk006.o2; SEQ ID NO:2) and soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (sah1c.pk004.g2; SEQ ID NO:12) can be expressed in seed embryo of maize to increase the tocol antioxidant content of this tissue and the extracted oil to produce a novel tocol composition that is dominated by alpha- and beta-tocotrienols. As described below, this result can be achieved by transforming maize with an expression cassette comprising the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase open reading frame operably linked on its 5′ end to an embryo preferred promoter, such as the promoter for the maize 16 kDa oleosin gene (Lee, K. and Huang, A.H. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 26:1981-1987) and the barley HGGT open reading frame operably linked to the maize embryo abundant (EAP1) promoter and terminator.

An expression cassette comprising the promoter from the maize 16 kDa oleosin gene (OLE PRO), the coding sequence of soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (SEQ ID NO:14) derived from cDNA clone sah1c.pk001.k8:fis (SEQ ID NO:13) (PCT Publication No. WO 00/032757) and the polyadenylation signal sequence/terminator from the nopaline synthase (NOS) gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is constructed using methods and technologies known in the art. A second expression cassette comprises the barley HGGT coding sequence (PCT Publication No. WO 03/082899; U.S. Application No. 2004/0034886) under the transcriptional control of the maize embryo abundant protein (EAP1) promoter and terminator, with the maize ADH1 INTRON1 inserted between the promoter and coding sequence for enhanced expression. The two expression cassettes are linked, together with a gene encoding a selectable marker, in a binary vector suitable for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize.

Similarly, a vector may be created as described above, with the maize gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (SEQ ID NO:16) derived from cDNA clone p0060.coran49r:fis (SEQ ID NO:15) (PCT Publication No. WO 00/032757) used in place of the soybean gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase, using the same promoter/terminator elements and HGGT expression cassette already described. Furthermore, one skilled in the art understands that the homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferases (HGGT) and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferases found in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively, may also be expressed in maize to demonstrate the feasability of these cDNA for alpha and beta-tocotrienol production in transgenic plants.

An Agrobacterium-based protocol can be used for the transformation of maize (see below). The resulting binary vector is introduced into Agrobacterium LBA4404 (PHP10523) cells, preferably by electroporation. An in vivo recombination generates a cointegrate plasmid between the introduced binary vector and the vir plasmid (PHP10523) resident in the Agrobacterium cells. The resulting Agrobacterium cells are used to transform maize.

Transformation of Maize Mediated by Agrobacterium:

Freshly isolated immature embryos of maize, about ten days after pollination (DAP), can be incubated with the Agrobacterium. The preferred genotype for transformation is the highly transformable genotype Hi-II (Armstrong (1991) Maize Gen. Coop. Newsletter 65:92-93). An F1 hybrid created by crossing a Hi-II with an elite inbred may also be used. After Agrobacterium treatment of immature embryos, the embryos can be cultured on medium containing toxic levels of herbicide. Only those cells that receive the herbicide resistance gene, and the linked gene(s), grow on selective medium. Transgenic events so selected can be propagated and regenerated to whole plants, produce seed, and transmit transgenes to progeny.

Preparation of Agrobacterium:

The engineered Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 can be constructed to contain plasmids for seed-preferred expression of HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase genes, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). To use the engineered construct in plant transformation, a master plate of a single bacterial colony transformed with plasmids for seed-preferred expression of HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase genes can be prepared by inoculating the bacteria on minimal AB medium and allowing incubation at 28° C. for approximately three days. (The composition and preparation of minimal AB medium has been previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 02/009040 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). A working plate can then be prepared by streaking the transformed Agrobacterium on YP medium (0.5% (w/v) yeast extract, 1% (w/v) peptone, 0.5% (w/v) sodium chloride, 1.5% (w/v) agar) that contains 50 μg/mL of spectinomycin.

The transformed Agrobacterium for plant transfection and co-cultivation can then be prepared one day prior to maize transformation. Into 30 mL of minimal A medium (prepared as described in PCT Publication No. WO 02/009040) in a flask was placed 50 μg/mL spectinomycin, 100 μM acetosyringone, and about a ⅛ loopful of Agrobacterium from a one to two-day-old working plate. The Agrobacterium can then be grown at 28° C. with shaking at 200 rpm for approximately fourteen hours. At mid-log phase, the Agrobacterium can be harvested and resuspended at a density of 3 to 5×108 CFU/mL in 561Q medium that contains 100 μM acetosyringone using standard microbial techniques. The composition and preparation of 561Q medium was described in PCT Publication No. WO 02/009040.

Immature Embryo Preparation:

Nine to ten days after controlled pollination of a maize plant, developing immature embryos are opaque and 1-1.5 mm long. This length is the optimal size for infection with the PHP18749-transformed Agrobacterium. The husked ears can be sterilized in 50% commercial bleach and one drop TWEEN®-20 for thirty minutes, and then rinsed twice with sterile water. The immature embryos can then be aseptically removed from the caryopsis and placed into 2 mL of sterile holding solution consisting of medium 561Q that contains 100 μM of acetosyringone.

Agrobacterium Infection and Co-Cultivation of Embryos:

The holding solution can be decanted from the excised immature embryos and replaced with transformed Agrobacterium. Following gentle mixing and incubation for about five minutes, the Agrobacterium can be decanted from the immature embryos. Immature embryos were then moved to a plate of 562P medium, the composition of which has been previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 02/009040. The immature embryos can be placed on this media scutellum surface pointed upwards and then incubated at 20° C. for three days in darkness. This can be followed by incubation at 28° C. for three days in darkness on medium 562P that contains 100 μg/mL carbenecillin as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840.

Selection of Transgenic Events:

Following incubation, the immature embryos can be transferred to 5630 medium, which can be prepared as described in PCT Publication No. WO 02/009040. This medium contains Bialaphos for selection of transgenic plant cells as conferred by the BAR gene that is linked to barley HGGT expression cassette. At ten to fourteen-day intervals, embryos were transferred to 5630 medium. Actively growing putative transgenic embryogenic tissue can be after six to eight weeks of incubation on the 5630 medium.

Regeneration of T₀ Plants:

Transgenic embryogenic tissue is transferred to 288W medium and incubated at 28° C. in darkness until somatic embryos matured, or about ten to eighteen days. Individual matured somatic embryos with well-defined scutellum and coleoptile are transferred to 272 embryo germination medium and incubated at 28° C. in the light. After shoots and roots emerge, individual plants are potted in soil and hardened-off using typical horticultural methods.

288W medium contains the following ingredients: 950 mL of deionized water; 4.3 g of MS Salts (Gibco); 0.1 g of myo-inositol; 5 mL of MS Vitamins Stock Solution (Gibco); 1 mL of zeatin (5 mg/mL solution); 60 g sucrose; 8 g of agar (Sigma A-7049, Purified), 2 mL of indole acetic acid (0.5 mg/mL solution*); 1 mL of 0.1 mM ABA*; 3 mL of Bialaphos (1 mg/mL solution*); and 2 mL of carbenicillin (50 mg/mL solution). The pH of this solution is adjusted to pH 5.6. The solution is autoclaved and ingredients marked with an asterisk (*) are added after the media has cooled to 60° C.

Medium 272 contains the following ingredients: 950 mL of deionized water; 4.3 g of MS salts (Gibco); 0.1 g of myo-inositol; 5 mL of MS vitamins stock solution (Gibco); 40 g of Sucrose; and 1.5 g of GELRITE®. This solution is adjusted to pH 5.6 and then autoclaved.

Example 5 Expression of Chimeric Genes in Microbial Cells

The cDNAs encoding the instant HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptides can be used to produce alpha- and beta-tocotrienols in microbes such as algal and cyanobacterial cells that contain an operable tocopherol biosynthetic pathway. Expression of cDNAs encoding the instant HGGT polypeptides in these cells are expected to result in the condensation of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and homogentisate. The product of the HGGT reaction 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylbenzoquinol can then be converted to alpha- and beta-tocotrienols by tocopherol biosynthetic enzymes native to the host microbial cell and the instant gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptides. Tocotrienols can be produced in microbes by linking the cDNAs encoding the instant HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptides with promoter elements that are suitable to direct gene expression in the selected host cell. The resulting chimeric genes can be introduced into the host microbial cell using techniques such as homologous recombination (Williams, J. G. K. (1988) Methods Enzymol. 167:766-778; Legarde, D. et al. (2000) App. Environ. Microbiol. 66:64-72). Host cells transformed with cDNAs for the instant HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptides operably linked to functional promoters can then be analyzed for tocotrienol production using techniques described in Example 1.

Example 6 Production of Alpha- and Beta-Tocotrienol in Plant Cells

The cDNAs encoding the instant HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptides can be used to produce alpha- and beta-tocotrienols in plant cells. Even higher levels of alpha- and beta-tocotrienol production may be achieved when genes encoding the instant HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptides are co-expressed with genes that encode enzymes that participate either in the conversion of plastidic chorismate pools to homogentisate or in the conversion of 2-methyl-6-prenylbenzoquinol to 2,3-methyl-6-prenylbenzoquinol. To this end, transgenic plants are generated with DNA constructs that provide constitutive- or seed-specific expression of bifunctional chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase genes (TYRA) of bacterial or fungal origin and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase genes (HPPD) and 2-methyl-6-prenylbenzoquinol methyltransferase genes (VTE3) from plants or photosynthetic bacteria. The TRYA gene products are targeted to the chloroplast by way of being fused to suitable chloroplast target peptides.

Plant transformations are performed as described above in Examples 1-3. Transgenic lines expressing high levels TYRA, HPPD and VTE3 are identified by measuring tocochromanol content as described above in Examples 1-3. The events with high levels of tocochromanols are crossed to events generated with constructs expressing the instant HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptides. Suitable constructs to generate the latter events are KS319 (Example 1), SC1 and SC38 (Example 2), KS270 and KS308 (Example 3). Alternatively, new DNA constructs are generated using standard methods of molecular biology that provide seed-specific or constitutive expression of five genes comprised of TYRA, HPPD, VTE3 and HGGT and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase genes of instant invention. Plant transformations are performed as described in Examples 1-3. Transgenic lines expressing high levels of all five gene products are identified by measuring tocochromanol content of plant tissue as described in Examples 1-3.

Example 7 Production of Tocotrienols in Transgenic Soybean Lines: Molecular Stack of Barley HGGT and Maize Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase

To demonstrate the ability to produce increased levels of alpha- and beta-tocotrienols in transgenic soybean lines, the barley HGGT cDNA (bdl2c.pk006.o2; SEQ ID NO:2) and maize gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (p0060.coran49r:fis; SEQ ID NO:15) (PCT Publication No. WO 00/032757) were used in a molecular stack (progeny with both transgene-related traits).

A construct for seed specific expression of maize gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase in soybean was generated as follows. DNA of KS126 (see Example 1) was linearized with NotI. 5′ overhangs were completely filled in with T4 polynucleotid kinase and dephosphorylated using calf intestinal phosphatase. A restriction fragment containing the complete ORF of the maize GTMT cDNA was excised from the EST clone using restriction enzymes DraI and SnaBI and ligated to the KS126 vector. Ligation products were introduced into E coli. Plasmid DNA was isolated form recombinant clones and subjected to restriction digests with BamHI. Plasmid clones which produced a DNA fragment of 2.8 kb when digested with BamHI contain the maize GTMT gene in an orientation in which the 5′ end of the transcript is in proximity to the 3′ end of the KTI promoter (sense orientation). This plasmid was named KS325. Its sequence is set forth as SEQ ID NO:51.

Transgenic soybean lines were generated with plasmid DNA of KS270 (see Example 1) and KS325 using particle bombardment of embryogenic callus.

KS270 provides the barley HGGT gene under control of 617 bp of the soybean β-conglycinin promoter. The polyadenylation signal for the HGGT transcript is derived from the terminator of the phaseolin gene (from the bean Phaseolus vulgaris; Doyle et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:9228-9238). The plasmid also contains the cDNA of a sulfonylurea-resistant variant of the soybean ALS gene that is under control of 1217 bp of the SAMS promoter. The polyadenylation signal for the HGGT transcript is derived from the terminator of the soybean ALS gene.

KS325 provides the gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase gene from maize under the control of 2090 bp of the soybean Kti promoter. The polyadeylation signal for the gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase transcript is derived from the terminator of the Kti gene. KS325 also provides a hygromycin B phosphotransferase (HPT) resistance gene (Gritz et al. (1983) Gene 25:179-188) that is under control of 1408 bp of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812). The polyadenylation signal for the hygromycin resistance gene is derived from the terminator of nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures were transformed with DNA plasmids KS270 in conjunction with KS325 by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al. (1987) Nature (London) 327:70-73; U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050) using a BIORAD BIOLISTIC™ PDS1000/He instrument. The following stock solutions and media were used for transformation and regeneration of soybean plants:

Stock Solutions:

-   Sulfate 100× Stock: 37.0 g MgSO₄.7H₂O, 1.69 g MnSO₄.H₂O, 0.86 g     ZnSO₄.7H₂O, 0.0025 g CuSO₄.5H₂O -   Halides 100× Stock: 30.0 g CaCl₂.2H₂O, 0.083 g KI, 0.0025 g     CoCl₂.6H₂O -   P, B, Mo 100× Stock: 18.5 g KH₂PO₄, 0.62 g H₃BO₃, 0.025 g     Na₂MoO₄.2H₂O -   Fe EDTA 100× Stock: 3.724 g Na₂EDTA, 2.784 g FeSO₄.7H₂O -   2,4-D Stock: 10 mg/mL -   Vitamin B5 1000× Stock: 10.0 g myo-inositol, 0.10 g nicotinic acid,     0.10 g pyridoxine HCl, 1 g thiamine.

Media (per Liter):

-   SB196: 10 mL of each of the above stock solutions, 1 mL B5 Vitamin     stock, 0.463 g (NH₄)₂SO₄, 2.83 g KNO₃, 1 mL 2,4-D stock, 1 g     asparagine, 10 g Sucrose, pH 5.7 -   SB103: 1 pk. Murashige & Skoog salts mixture, 1 mL B5 Vitamin stock,     750 mg MgCl₂ hexahydrate, 60 g maltose, 2 g GELRITE®, pH 5.7. -   SB166: SB103 supplemented with 5 g per liter activated charcoal. -   SB71-4: Gamborg's B5 salts, 1 mL B5 vitamin stock, 30 g sucrose, 5 g     TC agar, pH 5.7.

To prepare tissue for transformation, soybean embryogenic suspension cultures were maintained in 35 mL liquid medium (SB196) on a rotary shaker (150 rpm) at 28° C. with fluorescent lights providing a 16 hour day/8 hour night cycle. Cultures were subcultured every two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 mL of fresh liquid media.

In particle gun bombardment procedures it is possible to use purified 1) entire plasmid DNA; or 2) DNA fragments containing only the recombinant DNA expression cassette(s) of interest. For every seventeen bombardment transformations, 85 μL of suspension is prepared containing 1 to 90 picograms (pg) of plasmid DNA per base pair of each DNA plasmid. Both recombinant DNA plasmids were co-precipitated onto gold particles as follows. The DNAs in suspension were added to 50 μL of a 20-60 mg/mL 0.6 μm gold particle suspension and then combined with 50 μL CaCl₂ (2.5 M) and 20 μL spermidine (0.1 M). The mixture was vortexed for 5 seconds, spun in a microfuge for 5 seconds, and the supernatant removed. The DNA-coated particles were then washed once with 150 μL of 100% ethanol, vortexed and spun in a microfuge again, then resuspended in 85 μL of anhydrous ethanol. Five μL of the DNA-coated gold particles were then loaded on each macrocarrier disk.

Approximately 150 to 250 mg of two-week-old suspension culture was placed in an empty 60 mm×15 mm petri plate and the residual liquid removed from the tissue using a pipette. The tissue was placed about 3.5 inches away from the retaining screen and each plate of tissue was bombarded once. Membrane rupture pressure was set at 650 psi and the chamber was evacuated to −28 inches of Hg. Three plates were bombarded, and, following bombardment, the tissue from each plate was divided between two flasks, placed back into liquid media, and cultured as described above.

Seven days after bombardment, the liquid medium was exchanged with fresh SB196 medium supplemented with 30-50 mg/L hygromycin. The selective medium was subsequently refreshed weekly or biweekly. Seven weeks post-bombardment, bright green, transformed tissue was observed growing from untransformed, chlorotic or necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated green tissue was removed and inoculated into individual wells in six-well culture dishes to generate new, clonally-propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. Thus, each new line was treated as independent transformation event in an individual well. These suspensions can then be maintained as suspensions of embryos clustered in an immature developmental stage through subculture or they can be regenerated into whole plants by maturation and germination of individual somatic embryos.

After two weeks in individual cell wells, transformed embryogenic clusters were removed from liquid culture and placed on solidified medium (SB166) containing no hormones or antibiotics for one week. Embryos were cultured for at 26° C. with mixed fluorescent and incandescent lights on a 16 hour day/8 hour night schedule. After one week, the cultures were then transferred to SB103 medium and maintained in the same growth conditions for 3 additional weeks.

Somatic embryos became suitable for germination after four weeks and were then removed from the maturation medium and dried in empty petri dishes for 1 to 5 days. The dried embryos were then planted in SB71-4 medium where they were allowed to germinate under the same light and temperature conditions as described above. Germinated embryos were transferred to sterile soil and grown to maturity for seed production.

A total of eighteen events were created by co-transformation with KS270 and KS325 plasmids. Tocol composition of five T1 seed was assayed for each events as follows. A seed chip (approximately 5-15 mg of tissue) was obtained from the cotyledon tissue of the seed. The chip was extracted with 100 μL of heptane for 2 hours. Tocopherol and tocotrienol was quantitated by HPLC analysis as described in Example 3.

A total of eighteen events were generated and analyzed (see Table 13).

TABLE 13 Tocol Composition (percent of total tocopherols (tocph.) and tocotrienols (toct.)) for T1 Seed Chips of Events Generated with KS270 and KS325 alpha- beta- gamma- delta- alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocph. toct. Event ID tocph. tocph. tocph. tocph. toct. toct. toct toct. (ppm) (ppm) 4652.1.10.1A 1 1 2 3 2 1 44 46 167 2175 4652.1.10.1B 17 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 240 0 4652.1.10.1C 2 1 3 0 2 1 44 47 279 4711 4652.1.10.1D 11 1 88 0 0 0 0 0 310 0 4652.1.10.1E 2 1 4 0 4 2 42 46 317 4070 4652.1.11.1A 1 0 3 0 0 0 44 51 156 3463 4652.1.11.1B 1 1 4 0 0 0 47 47 127 2133 4652.1.11.1C 1 0 4 0 0 0 50 46 96 1900 4652.1.11.1D 20 2 78 0 0 0 0 0 270 0 4652.1.11.1E 1 0 5 0 0 0 53 39 201 2600 4652.1.2.1A 1 0 3 0 1 0 42 52 101 2204 4652.1.2.1B 1 0 3 0 1 0 46 50 149 3923 4652.1.2.1C 11 1 88 0 0 0 0 0 192 0 4652.1.2.1D 1 0 3 0 1 0 44 51 153 3310 4652.1.2.1E 0 0 3 0 1 0 41 54 109 2831 4652.1.7.1A 6 4 0 0 38 41 4 7 240 2051 4652.1.7.1B 6 4 0 0 42 40 3 5 169 1597 4652.1.7.1C 22 2 76 0 0 0 0 0 273 0 4652.1.7.1D 6 5 0 0 35 45 3 6 214 1756 4652.1.7.1E 5 5 0 0 32 52 2 5 400 3670 4652.1.8.1A 16 2 83 0 0 0 0 0 175 0 4652.1.8.1B 0 0 4 0 0 0 47 48 115 2429 4652.1.8.1C 17 2 82 0 0 0 0 0 160 0 4652.1.8.1D 1 0 4 0 0 0 45 50 114 2277 4652.1.8.1E 1 0 4 0 0 0 51 44 100 1962 4652.2.10.1A 0 0 4 0 0 0 42 53 124 2292 4652.2.10.1B 0 0 4 0 0 0 47 47 147 2767 4652.2.10.1C 1 0 5 0 0 0 48 46 223 3502 4652.2.10.1D 9 1 90 0 0 0 0 0 254 0 4652.2.10.1E 11 2 87 0 0 0 0 0 267 0 4652.2.11.1A 11 1 87 0 0 0 0 0 164 0 4652.2.11.1B 6 5 0 0 37 50 0 1 197 1604 4652.2.11.1C 7 6 0 0 36 50 0 0 466 2950 4652.2.11.1D 12 1 86 0 0 0 0 0 209 0 4652.2.11.1E 6 7 0 0 32 55 0 0 440 2973 4652.2.13.1A 10 1 88 0 0 0 0 0 243 0 4652.2.13.1B 10 1 88 0 0 0 0 0 230 0 4652.2.13.1C 15 2 82 0 0 0 0 0 155 0 4652.2.13.1D 11 1 88 0 0 0 0 0 284 0 4652.2.13.1E 11 1 88 0 0 0 0 0 229 0 4652.2.14.1A 85 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 360 0 4652.2.14.1B 4 4 0 0 31 43 5 12 267 2796 4652.2.14.1C 9 6 0 0 40 44 0 1 342 1855 4652.2.14.1D 86 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 254 1 4652.2.14.1E 5 4 0 0 32 58 0 1 262 2495 4652.2.6.1A 6 8 0 0 32 54 0 0 353 2192 4652.2.6.1B 65 14 0 0 15 6 0 0 378 102 4652.2.6.1C 8 7 0 0 33 52 0 0 488 2762 4652.2.6.1D 6 6 0 0 33 53 0 1 399 2905 4652.2.6.1E 63 16 0 0 15 6 0 0 358 95 4652.2.7.1A 2 1 4 0 1 1 42 49 205 2779 4652.2.7.1B 2 1 4 0 2 1 43 48 176 2660 4652.2.7.1C 1 1 3 0 2 1 45 48 110 2192 4652.2.7.1D 1 1 4 0 2 1 42 50 170 2679 4652.2.7.1E 3 1 6 0 2 1 48 40 199 1889 4652.2.9.1A 5 4 0 0 28 31 11 22 252 2495 4652.2.9.1B 6 5 0 0 33 40 5 11 214 1614 4652.2.9.1C 4 2 3 0 17 8 37 29 212 2148 4652.2.9.1D 5 4 0 0 30 33 10 19 245 2521 4652.2.9.1E 4 2 1 0 19 14 24 36 194 2212 4652.3.15.1A 85 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 213 0 4652.3.15.1B 76 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 379 0 4652.3.15.1C 13 2 86 0 0 0 0 0 183 0 4652.3.15.1D 77 22 0 0 0 0 0 1 167 1 4652.3.15.1E 78 21 1 0 0 0 0 0 248 0 4652.3.17.1A 8 7 0 0 36 47 1 1 361 2029 4652.3.17.1B 8 5 0 0 42 44 1 1 362 2419 4652.3.17.1C 18 10 0 0 34 37 0 1 471 1198 4652.3.17.1D 8 6 0 0 38 45 1 1 334 1941 4652.3.17.1E 9 7 0 0 38 45 0 1 276 1392 4652.3.3.1A 4 4 0 0 37 41 5 9 272 2905 4652.3.3.1B 5 4 0 0 37 45 3 6 282 2714 4652.3.3.1C 8 6 0 0 36 48 1 2 416 2608 4652.3.3.1D 4 4 0 0 36 53 1 2 233 2390 4652.3.3.1E 5 5 0 0 31 43 5 12 344 3319 4652.3.5.1A 18 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 161 0 4652.3.5.1B 21 2 77 0 0 0 0 0 192 0 4652.3.5.1C 4 4 0 0 22 28 13 29 203 2315 4652.3.5.1D 18 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 191 0 4652.3.5.1E 6 4 1 0 28 27 14 20 296 2450 4652.3.6.1A 16 2 82 0 0 0 0 0 182 0 4652.3.6.1B 7 5 0 0 43 43 1 1 328 2451 4652.3.6.1C 7 5 0 0 41 44 1 1 292 2060 4652.3.6.1D 9 6 0 0 41 42 1 1 288 1654 4652.3.6.1E 15 2 84 0 0 0 0 0 244 0 4652.3.8.1A 30 4 66 0 0 0 0 0 137 0 4652.3.8.1B 24 3 73 0 0 0 0 0 180 0 4652.3.8.1C 16 2 82 0 0 0 0 0 196 0 4652.3.8.1D 30 3 68 0 0 0 0 0 205 0 4652.3.8.1E 44 6 49 0 0 0 0 0 194 0

Seed chips from fifteen events contained significant levels of tocotrienol. Ten of these also contained significant levels (>150 ppm) of alpha- and beta-tocotrienol. Alpha-tocotrienol content in seed chips reached 1300 ppm in event 4652.1.7.1E (i.e, (400+3670)×0.32=1302). For several events greater than 40% of the total tocopherol and tocotrienol content was alpha-tocotrienol. Seed chips do not provide a comprehensive picture of the oil composition of the entire seed. Therefore, the entire T1 seed from selected events were subjected to tocol analysis as described in Example 2 (see Table 14).

TABLE 14 Tocol Composition (percent of total tocopherols (tocph.) and tocotrienols (toct.)) for T1 Seed of Events Generated with KS270 and KS325 alpha- beta- gamma- delta- alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocph. toct. Event ID tocph. tocph. tocph. tocph. toct. toct. toct toct. (ppm) (ppm) 4652.1.7.1 A 5 4 0 0 31 45 3 10 261 2355 4652.1.7.1 B 5 4 0 0 36 44 3 8 214 2162 4652.2.11.1 B 4 5 0 0 29 59 1 2 213 2028 4652.2.11.1 C 6 7 0 0 24 62 0 0 224 1414 4652.2.14.1 C 6 6 0 0 30 53 1 3 245 1694 4652.2.6.1 C 7 9 0 0 25 57 0 2 320 1636 4652.2.6.1 D 7 8 0 0 27 57 0 1 327 1986 4652.3.17.1 B 5 6 0 0 28 54 2 6 210 1688 4652.3.17.1 D 7 6 0 0 31 51 1 4 238 1612 4652.3.6.1 B 5 4 0 0 36 51 1 2 227 2077 4652.3.6.1 C 6 5 0 0 35 50 1 2 238 1802

The highest whole seed alpha-tocotrienol level (847 ppm) was reached in event 4652.1.7.1. For the six events subjected to whole seed tocol analysis at least 24% and up to 36% of the total tocopherol and tocotrienol content was derived from alpha-tocotrienol. In all six events gamma- and delta-tocotrienol levels are at very low levels compared to the best transgenic event generated in similar experiments performed with the soybean GTMT sequence (Example 2). The maize GTMT provides an excellent enzyme for methylation of gamma- and delta-tocotrienol in developing soybean seed.

Example 8 Alpha-Tocotrienol Production in Arabidopsis thaliana by Transgenic Expression of Barley HGGT and Maize Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase

A construct for co-expression of barley homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase and maize gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase in Arabidopsis thaliana was generated as follows. The maize GTMT expression cassette comprised of Kti promoter GTMT gene and Kti terminator was excised from KS325 (see Example 7) as a 3.6 kb fragment by complete digestion with AscI. This DNA fragment was ligated to SC38 DNA that had previously been lineraized by partial digestion with AscI. Recombinant clones were recovered and plasmid DNA was isolated using standard techniques. This new plasmid is referred to KS325×SC38. A 6.7 kb DNA fragment containing expression cassettes for barley HGGT and maize GTMT genes was excised from this plasmid by partial digestion with SalI and ligated to pZBL120 (see Example 1) linearized with SalI to give pZBL120×KS325×SC38. The T-DNA of the plant transformation vector pZBL120×KS325×SC38 is set forth as SEQ ID NO:52. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines were generated using pZBL20×KS325×SC38 as described in Example 1. A total of 38 lines were generated and tocochromanol content of T2 seed was determined by HPLC analysis as described in Example 1 (see Table 15).

TABLE 15 Tocol Composition (percent of total tocopherols (tocph.) and tocotrienols (toct.)) of T2 Seed Material of Transgenic Arabidopsis Lines Expressing Barley HGGT and Maize Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase Genes alpha- beta- gamma- delta- alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocph. toct. Event ID tocph. tocph. tocph. tocph. toct. toct. toct toct. (ppm) (ppm) 38 24 1 14 1 51 2 7 1 244 382 17 33 1 12 0 50 0 4 0 327 382 31 27 1 14 1 49 0 8 1 421 577  3 30 0 14 0 49 0 7 0 489 626 34 24 1 12 1 49 3 9 2 180 300 32 32 1 12 1 49 2 4 0 347 418  2 28 1 18 1 48 0 3 0 254 271 35 24 1 15 1 48 2 8 1 245 348  6 23 0 30 0 47 0 0 0 165 148 12 17 2 7 1 47 7 16 2 388 987 29 26 1 13 1 47 2 8 2 318 461 25 29 1 14 1 47 2 6 1 327 407 15 25 1 22 1 47 2 2 0 350 374 18 27 1 16 1 46 0 8 1 344 429 27 26 1 16 1 45 2 8 1 335 435 33 28 1 16 1 45 0 7 1 214 246 20 29 1 16 1 45 0 8 1 330 385 13 28 0 17 1 44 0 9 1 356 419 26 27 1 20 1 40 0 11 1 284 312 30 35 1 17 1 40 0 7 1 400 354 21 31 0 22 1 38 0 8 1 329 282 22 14 1 11 1 38 3 29 4 358 965  1 38 0 21 1 34 0 6 0 422 286  5 31 0 28 0 33 0 8 0 168 117 28 49 1 19 0 29 0 2 0 240 108 10 22 0 39 1 29 0 9 1 260 160 11 3 0 94 1 2 0 0 0 377 8 23 69 0 30 1 0 0 0 0 400 2  4 1 0 98 1 0 0 0 0 291 0  7 17 0 82 1 0 0 0 0 311 0  8 1 0 98 1 0 0 0 0 347 0  9 1 0 98 2 0 0 0 0 417 0 14 65 0 34 1 0 0 0 0 426 0 16 1 0 98 2 0 0 0 0 266 0 19 1 0 98 1 0 0 0 0 379 0 24 68 1 30 1 0 0 0 0 323 0 36 69 1 30 1 0 0 0 0 305 0 37 1 0 97 2 0 0 0 0 262 0 wild-type 1 0 98 1 0 0 0 0 173 0

Of the 38 events analyzed 26 showed greater than 100 ppm tocotrienols and reached levels as high as 990 ppm. In these 26 events alpha-tocotrienol represented at least 28% and as much as 51% of the total tocochromanol content. In T2 seed of the best event (Event ID 12) alpha-tocotrienol levels reached 640 ppm (i.e., (388+987)×0.47=646). The T2 material described so far still contains 25% of wild-type seed. Events 3, 12, 29, 31 and 32 were germinated on selective media. When grown on selective media T2 seed of all six events produced 25% of kanamycin-sensitive wild-type seed. For each event 15 kanamycin resistant seedlings were transferred to soil allowed to self-fertilize and grown to maturity. For each event three T3 seed selections were identified that no longer segregated kanamycin-sensitive seedlings. This seed material was subjected to tocochromanol quantitation as described above (see Table 16).

TABLE 16 Tocol Composition (percent of total tocopherols (tocph.) and tocotrienols (toct.)) of Homozygous T3 Seed Material of Transgenic Arabidopsis Lines Expressing Barley HGGT and Maize Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase Genes alpha- beta- gamma- delta- alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocph. toct. Event ID tocph. tocph. tocph. tocph. toct. toct. toct toct. (ppm) (ppm) 3 29 1 2 1 61 2 3 1 229 464 3 33 1 2 1 58 2 3 0 493 849 3 32 1 2 1 58 2 4 1 307 545 12 24 2 2 1 59 7 4 1 407 971 12 19 5 1 1 55 14 4 2 361 1031  12 21 3 9 1 53 7 5 1 441 880 29 23 2 2 0 58 6 7 2 345 943 29 28 2 3 0 53 4 8 2 320 647 29 17 2 2 0 51 7 15 5 219 770 32 21 2 1 0 64 8 4 1 213 675 32 22 2 1 0 63 6 4 1 291 841 32 24 2 2 1 61 5 4 1 346 865 31 21 2 2 2 65 3 4 1 300 795 31 22 3 1 1 66 4 3 1 213 562 31 21 3 2 2 63 4 5 1 297 785

In the homozygous T3 seed material of the five events events alpha-tocotrienol represented at least 51% and as much as 65% of the total tocochromanol content. In homozygous T3 seed of one event (Event ID 12) alpha-tocotrienol levels reached 810 ppm (i.e., (407+971)×0.59=813). In all five events gamma tocotrienol levels are at very low levels compared to the best transgenic event generated in similar experiments performed with the soybean GTMT sequence (Example 1). The maize GTMT provides an excellent enzyme for methylation of gamma-tocotrienol in developing Arabidopsis seed.

Example 9 Preparation of cDNA Libraries and Isolation and Sequencing of cDNA Clones

cDNA libraries may be prepared by any one of many methods available. For example, the cDNAs may be introduced into plasmid vectors by first preparing the cDNA libraries in UNI-ZAP™ XR vectors according to the manufacturer's protocol (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif.). The UNI-ZAP™ XR libraries are converted into plasmid libraries according to the protocol provided by Stratagene. Upon conversion, cDNA inserts will be contained in the plasmid vector pBLUESCRIPT®. In addition, the cDNAs may be introduced directly into precut Bluescript® II SK(+) vectors (Stratagene) using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs), followed by transfection into DH10B cells according to the manufacturer's protocol (GIBCO BRL Products). Once the cDNA inserts are in plasmid vectors, plasmid DNAs are prepared from randomly picked bacterial colonies containing recombinant pBLUESCRIPT® plasmids, or the insert cDNA sequences are amplified via polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for vector sequences flanking the inserted cDNA sequences. Amplified insert DNAs or plasmid DNAs are sequenced in dye-primer sequencing reactions to generate partial cDNA sequences (expressed sequence tags or “ESTs”; see Adams et al., (1991) Science 252:1651-1656). The resulting ESTs are analyzed using a Perkin Elmer Model 377 fluorescent sequencer.

Full-insert sequence (FIS) data is generated utilizing a modified transposition protocol. Clones identified for FIS are recovered from archived glycerol stocks as single colonies, and plasmid DNAs are isolated via alkaline lysis. Isolated DNA templates are reacted with vector primed M13 forward and reverse oligonucleotides in a PCR-based sequencing reaction and loaded onto automated sequencers. Confirmation of clone identification is performed by sequence alignment to the original EST sequence from which the FIS request is made.

Confirmed templates are transposed via the Primer Island transposition kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) which is based upon the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ty1 transposable element (Devine and Boeke (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22:3765-3772). The in vitro transposition system places unique binding sites randomly throughout a population of large DNA molecules. The transposed DNA is then used to transform DH10B electro-competent cells (Gibco BRL/Life Technologies, Rockville, Md.) via electroporation. The transposable element contains an additional selectable marker (named DHFR; Fling and Richards (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11:5147-5158), allowing for dual selection on agar plates of only those subclones containing the integrated transposon. Multiple subclones are randomly selected from each transposition reaction, plasmid DNAs are prepared via alkaline lysis, and templates are sequenced (ABI PRISM® dye-terminator ReadyReaction mix) outward from the transposition event site, utilizing unique primers specific to the binding sites within the transposon.

Sequence data is collected (ABI PRISM® Collections) and assembled using Phred and Phrap (Ewing et al. (1998) Genome Res. 8:175-185; Ewing and Green (1998) Genome Res. 8:186-194). Phred is a public domain software program which re-reads the ABI sequence data, re-calls the bases, assigns quality values, and writes the base calls and quality values into editable output files. The Phrap sequence assembly program uses these quality values to increase the accuracy of the assembled sequence contigs. Assemblies are viewed by the Consed sequence editor (Gordon et al. (1998) Genome Res. 8:195-202).

In some of the clones the cDNA fragment may correspond to a portion of the 3′-terminus of the gene and does not cover the entire open reading frame. In order to obtain the upstream information one of two different protocols is used. The first of these methods results in the production of a fragment of DNA containing a portion of the desired gene sequence while the second method results in the production of a fragment containing the entire open reading frame. Both of these methods use two rounds of PCR amplification to obtain fragments from one or more libraries. The libraries some times are chosen based on previous knowledge that the specific gene should be found in a certain tissue and some times are randomly-chosen. Reactions to obtain the same gene may be performed on several libraries in parallel or on a pool of libraries. Library pools are normally prepared using from 3 to 5 different libraries and normalized to a uniform dilution. In the first round of amplification both methods use a vector-specific (forward) primer corresponding to a portion of the vector located at the 5′-terminus of the clone coupled with a gene-specific (reverse) primer. The first method uses a sequence that is complementary to a portion of the already known gene sequence while the second method uses a gene-specific primer complementary to a portion of the 3′-untranslated region (also referred to as UTR). In the second round of amplification a nested set of primers is used for both methods. The resulting DNA fragment is ligated into a pBLUESCRIPT® vector using a commercial kit and following the manufacturer's protocol. This kit is selected from many available from several vendors including INVITROGEN™ (Carlsbad, Calif.), Promega Biotech (Madison, Wis.), and Gibco-BRL (Gaithersburg, Md.). The plasmid DNA is isolated by alkaline lysis method and submitted for sequencing and assembly using Phred/Phrap, as above.

Example 10 Identification of cDNA Clones

cDNA clones encoding ferrochelatases can be identified by conducting BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul et al. (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410; see also the explanation of the BLAST algorithm on the world wide web site for the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health) searches for similarity to amino acid sequences contained in the BLAST “nr” database (comprising all non-redundant GenBank CDS translations, sequences derived from the 3-dimensional structure Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, the last major release of the SWISS-PROT protein sequence database, EMBL, and DDBJ databases). The DNA sequences from clones can be translated in all reading frames and compared for similarity to all publicly available protein sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTX algorithm (Gish and States (1993) Nat. Genet. 3:266-272) provided by the NCBI. The polypeptides encoded by the cDNA sequences can be analyzed for similarity to all publicly available amino acid sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTP algorithm provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). For convenience, the P-value (probability) or the E-value (expectation) of observing a match of a cDNA-encoded sequence to a sequence contained in the searched databases merely by chance as calculated by BLAST are reported herein as “pLog” values, which represent the negative of the logarithm of the reported P-value or E-value. Accordingly, the greater the pLog value, the greater the likelihood that the cDNA-encoded sequence and the BLAST “hit” represent homologous proteins.

ESTs sequences can be compared to the Genbank database as described above. ESTs that contain sequences more 5- or 3-prime can be found by using the BLASTn algorithm (Altschul et al (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402.) against the Du Pont proprietary database comparing nucleotide sequences that share common or overlapping regions of sequence homology. Where common or overlapping sequences exist between two or more nucleic acid fragments, the sequences can be assembled into a single contiguous nucleotide sequence, thus extending the original fragment in either the 5 or 3 prime direction. Once the most 5-prime EST is identified, its complete sequence can be determined by Full Insert Sequencing as described above. Homologous genes belonging to different species can be found by comparing the amino acid sequence of a known gene (from either a proprietary source or a public database) against an EST database using the tBLASTn algorithm. The tBLASTn algorithm searches an amino acid query against a nucleotide database that is translated in all 6 reading frames. This search allows for differences in nucleotide codon usage between different species, and for codon degeneracy.

Example 11 Characterization of a cDNA Clones Encoding 2-Methyl-6-Phytylbenzoquinol Methyltransferase

A cDNA library representing mRNAs from developing seed tissue of balsam pear (Momordica charantia) was prepared and a cDNA clone, fds1n.pk003.e5, was identified that encodes 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase (MC VTE3). The nucleic acid sequence of the protein-coding region of the cDNA insert in fds1n.pk003.e5 is presented as SEQ ID NO:53. The amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:53 is presented as SEQ ID NO:54. The amino acid sequence of the putative mature protein, i.e., minus the transit peptide (amino acids 1-47 of SEQ ID NO:54), is presented as SEQ ID NO:70.

Shown in Table 17 are the BLASTP results, expressed as pLog of the E-value, for SEQ ID NO:54 and each of the indicated polypeptides. Polypeptides in which the putative transit peptide has been removed are indicated as “mature”. The amino acid sequence of the mature Arabidopsis 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:67) is taken from Cheng et al. 2003 Plant Cell 15:2343-2356. Also shown in Table 17 are the percent sequence identity values for between SEQ ID NO:54 and each of the indicated amino acid sequences:

TABLE 17 BLAST Results and Percent Sequence Identity for the 2-Methyl-6-Phytylbenzoquinol Methyltransferase From Momordica charantia (SEQ ID NO: 54) NCBI GI No. BLASTP Percent or Patent SEQ ID pLog of Sequence Reference Plant NO E-value Identity 108385436 Arabidopsis 61 154 80.7 157348021 Grape 62 168 83.0 80/971,672 Sunflower 63 162 81.8 US2007061916 Cotton 64 171 86.0 WO2003034812 Soybean 65 168 84.7 WO2003034812 Corn 66 141 73.1 108385436-derived Arabidopsis 67 — 88.9 (mature) WO2003034812 Soybean 68 162 92.4 (mature) WO2003034812 Corn 69 139 80.2 (mature)

SEQ ID NO:70 is the amino acid sequence of the putative mature 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase from Momordica charantia. Shown in Table 18 are the percent sequence identity values between SEQ ID NO:70 and each of the indicated amino acid sequences:

TABLE 18 Percent Sequence Identity with the Mature 2- Methyl-6-Phytylbenzoquinol Methyltransferase From Momordica charantia (SEQ ID NO: 70) NCBI GI No. Percent or Patent SEQ ID Sequence Reference Plant NO Identity 108385436 Arabidopsis 61 87.8 157348021 Grape 62 88.5 80/971,672 Sunflower 63 89.6 US2007061916 Cotton 64 92.0 WO2003034812 Soybean 65 92.4 WO2003034812 Corn 66 80.2 108385436-derived Arabidopsis (mature) 67 88.9 WO2003034812 Soybean (mature) 68 92.4 WO2003034812 Corn (mature) 69 80.2

FIGS. 3A-3C present an alignment of the amino acid sequences of the 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase proteins set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 and 70. FIG. 4 presents the percent sequence identities and divergence values for each sequence pair presented in FIGS. 3A-3C.

Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations were performed using the MEGALIGN® program of the LASERGENE® bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR® Inc., Madison, Wis.). Alignment of the sequences was performed using the Clustal W method of alignment wih the default parameters. Default parameters for multiple alignments were Gap Penalty=10, Gap Length Penalty=0.20, Delay Divergent Sequence=30%, and DNA Transition Weight=0.50. Default parameters for pairwise alignments were Gap Penalty=10.0 and Gap Length=0.10.

Example 12 Tocol Composition of Soybean Somatic Embryos Transformed with Barley HGGT, Maize Gamma-Tocopherol Methyltransferase and Momordica charantia 2-Methyl-6-Phytylbenzoquinol Methyltransferase

EST clone fds1n.pk003.e5 is derived from a cDNA library of developing seed tissue of balsam pear (Momordica charantia) encodes a protein with 83% sequence identity to the VTE3 gene product of Arabidopsis (Plant Cell (2003), 15(10), 2343-2356), using the CLUSTAL W method of alignment. The DNA sequence of the open-reading frame in the cDNA insert is set forth as SEQ ID NO:53. The predicted amino acid sequence of the Momordica charantia 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase, designated “MC VTE3”, is set forth as SEQ ID NO:54. A DNA fragment was generated by PCR. The ORF was amplified from plasmid DNA using oligonucleotide primers. The sequences of the sense (forward) and antisense (reverse) oligonucleotide primers used in this reaction were as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 55) 5′-CACCATGGCTTCTGCAATGCTCAATGG -3′ and (SEQ ID NO: 56) 5′-CTCCCCAACTCAGATTGGTTGCCCTTC-3′. PCR amplification was achieved using TAQ polymerase, and plasmid DNA of the EST clone was used as the template. The product of this PCR reaction was purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and subcloned into pENTR/D-TOPO® (INVITROGEN™) as described in the manufacturer's protocol. A 1042 bp fragment containing the entire open-reading frame of was excised using restriction enzymes AscI and NotI. Ends were completely filled in with T4 polymerase (INVITROGEN™, USA) according to instructions of the manufacturer and ligated to NotI linearized, filled-in pKR561 vector. Recombinant clones were subjected to analysis by restriction enzyme digestion to identify ligation products in which the start codon was in proximity of the annexin promoter in pKR561 (sense orientation). Plasmids with this orientation are henceforth referred to as pKR561-MCVTE3 (SEQ ID NO:57).

Vector pKR561 had previously been constructed as follows. Vector pKR268 (SEQ ID NO:58), which was previously described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,256,033 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference), contains a NotI site flanked by the soybean annexin promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,089) and the BD30 3′ termination region (Ann/NotI/BD30 cassette). Vector pKR145 (SEQ ID NO:59), which was previously described in PCT Publication No. WO 2004/071467 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference), contains the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene [Gritz, L. and Davies, J. (1983) Gene 25:179-188], flanked by the T7 promoter and transcription terminator (T7prom/hpt/T7term cassette), and a bacterial origin of replication (ori) for selection and replication in E. coli. In addition, pKR145 contains the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene, flanked by the 35S promoter [Odell et al., (1985) Nature 313:810-812] and NOS 3′ transcription terminator [Depicker et al., (1982) J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:561:570] (35S/hpt/NOS3′ cassette) for selection in soybean. The BsiWI fragment of pKR268, containing the Ann/NotI/BD30 cassette, was cloned into the BsiWI fragment of pKR145, containing the 35S/hpt/NOS3′ cassette), to produce pKR561 (SEQ ID NO:60).

Generation of Transgenic Somatic Embryos:

For co-expression of HV HGGT, ZM GTMT (VTE4) and MC VTE3 genes in soybean somatic embryos, soybean tissue was co-bombarded as described below with a mixture of KS325×SC38 (see Example 8) and pKR561-MCVTE3. Prior to mixing the DNAs, KS325×SC38 was digested with EcoRI and BglII to inactivate vector components conferring hygromycin resistance. Likewise pKR561-MCVTE3 was linearized with BamHI. KS325×SC38 and pKR561-MCVTE3 were combined in a 10:1 ratio and used for transformation of soybean somatic embryos as described below. In the resulting DNA mixture the linearized pKR561-MCVTE3 DNA fragment provides an intact expression cassette for hygromycin resistance comprised of CaMV 35S promoter hygromycin phosphotransferase gene and nos terminator.

Culture Conditions:

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures (cv. Jack) were maintained in 35 mL liquid medium SB196 (infra) on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, 26° C. with cool white fluorescent lights on 16:8 h day/night photoperiod at light intensity of 60-85 μE/m2/s. Cultures were subcultured every 7 days to two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 mL of fresh liquid SB196 (the preferred subculture interval is every 7 days).

Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures were transformed with the soybean expression plasmids by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al., Nature 327:70 (1987)) using a DUPONT™ BIOLISTIC™ PDS1000/HE instrument (helium retrofit) for all transformations.

Soybean Embryogenic Suspension Culture Initiation:

Soybean cultures were initiated twice each month with 5-7 days between each initiation. Pods with immature seeds from available soybean plants 45-55 days after planting were picked, removed from their shells and placed into a sterilized magenta box. The soybean seeds were sterilized by shaking them for 15 min in a 5% Clorox solution with 1 drop of ivory soap (i.e., 95 mL of autoclaved distilled water plus 5 mL Clorox and 1 drop of soap, mixed well). Seeds were rinsed using two 1-liter bottles of sterile distilled water and those less than 4 mm were placed on individual microscope slides. The small end of the seed was cut and the cotyledons pressed out of the seed coat. Cotyledons were transferred to plates containing SB199 medium (25-30 cotyledons per plate) for 2 weeks, then transferred to SB1 for 2-4 weeks. Plates were wrapped with fiber tape. After this time, secondary embryos were cut and placed into SB196 liquid media for 7 days.

Preparation of DNA for Bombardment:

Either an intact plasmid or a DNA plasmid fragment containing the genes of interest and the selectable marker gene were used for bombardment.

A 50 μL aliquot of sterile distilled water containing 1 mg of gold particles was added to 5 μL of a 1 μg/μL DNA solution (DNA fragments prepared as described above), 50 μL 2.5M CaCl₂ and 20 μL of 0.1 M spermidine. The mixture was pulsed 5 times on level 4 of a vortex shaker and spun for 5 sec in a bench microfuge. After a wash with 150 μL of 100% ethanol, the pellet was suspended by sonication in 85 μL of 100% ethanol. Five μL of DNA suspension was dispensed to each flying disk of the BIOLISTIC™ PDS1000/HE instrument disk. Each 5 μL aliquot contained approximately 0.058 mg gold particles per bombardment (i.e., per disk).

Tissue Preparation and Bombardment with DNA:

Approximately 100-150 mg of 7 day old embryonic suspension cultures were placed in an empty, sterile 60×15 mm petri dish and the dish was placed inside of an empty 150×25 mm Petri dish. Tissue was bombarded 1 shot per plate with membrane rupture pressure set at 650 PSI and the chamber was evacuated to a vacuum of 27-28 inches of mercury. Tissue was placed approximately 2.5 inches from the retaining/stopping screen.

Selection of Transformed Embryos:

Transformed embryos were selected using hygromycin as the selectable marker. Specifically, following bombardment, the tissue was placed into fresh SB196 media and cultured as described above. Six to eight days post-bombardment, the SB196 is exchanged with fresh SB196 containing 30 mg/L hygromycin. The selection media was refreshed weekly. Four to six weeks post-selection, green, transformed tissue was observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated, green tissue was removed and inoculated into multi-well plates to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures.

Embryo Maturation:

Transformed embryogenic clusters were cultured for one-three weeks at 26° C. in SB196 under cool white fluorescent (Phillips cool white Econowatt F40/CW/RS/EW) and Agro (Phillips F40 Agro) bulbs (40 watt) on a 16:8 hr photoperiod with light intensity of 90-120 μE/m²s. After this time embryo clusters were removed to a solid agar media, SB166, for 1 week, then subcultured to medium SB103 for 3 weeks. Alternatively, embryo clusters were removed to SB228 (SHaM) liquid media, 35 mL in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, for 2-3 weeks. Tissue cultured in SB228 was maintained on a rotary shaker, 130 rpm, 26° C. with cool white fluorescent lights on 16:8 h day/night photoperiod at light intensity of 60-85 μE/m2/s. During this period, individual embryos were removed from the clusters and screened for alterations in their fatty acid compositions as described supra.

Media Recipes:

SB196-FN Lite Liquid Proliferation Medium (per liter) contains the following: 10 mL of MS FeEDTA-100× Stock 1; 10 mL of MS Sulfate-100× Stock 2; 10 mL of FN Lite Halides-100× Stock 3; 10 mL of FN Lite P, B, Mo-100× Stock 4; 1.0 mL of B5 vitamins (1 mL/L); 1.0 mL of 2,4-D (10 mg/L final concentration); 2.83 g of KNO₃; 0.463 g of (NH₄)₂SO₄; 1.0 g of Asparagine; 10 g of Sucrose (1%); adjust to pH 5.8.

FN Lite Stock Solutions No. 1-4 are prepared as follows:

Stock Number 1—MS Fe EDTA 100× Stock contains (per liter): 3.724 g of Na_(z) EDTA (Add first, dissolve in dark bottle while stirring); and 2.784 g of FeSO₄ —7H₂O.

Stock Number 2—MS Sulfate 100× stock contains (per liter): 37.0 g of MgSO₄-7H₂O; 1.69 g of MnSO₄—H₂O; 0.86 g of ZnSO₄-7H₂O; and 0.0025 g of CuSO₄-5H₂O.

Stock Number 3-FN Lite Halides 100× Stock contains (per liter): 30.0 g of CaCl₂-2H₂O; 0.083 g of KI; and 0.0025 g of CoCl₂-6H₂O.

Stock Number 4-FN Lite P, B, Mo 100× Stock contains (per liter): 18.5 g of KH₂PO₄; 0.62 g of H₃BO₃; and 0.025 g of Na₂MoO₄.2H₂O.

SB1 Solid Medium contains the following (per liter): 1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL-Cat. No. 11117-066); 1 mL B5 vitamins 1000× stock; 31.5 g Glucose; 2 mL 2,4-D (20 mg/L final concentration); adjust to pH 5.7; and 8 g TC agar.

SB199 Solid Medium contains the following (per liter): 1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL-Cat. No. 11117-066); 1 mL B5 vitamins 1000× stock; 30 g Sucrose; 4 mL 2,4-D (40 mg/L final concentration); adjust to pH 7.0; and 2 gm GELRITE®.

SB166 Solid Medium contains the following (per liter): 1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL-Cat. No. 11117-066); 1 mL B5 vitamins 1000× stock; 60 g maltose; 750 mg MgCl₂ hexahydrate; 5 g Activated charcoal; adjust to pH 5.7; and 2 g GELRITE®.

SB103 Solid Medium contains the following (per liter): 1 package MS salts (Gibco/BRL-Cat. No. 11117-066); 1 mL B5 vitamins 1000× stock; 60 g maltose; 750 mg MgCl2 hexahydrate; adjust to pH 5.7; and 2 g GELRITE®.

SB 71-4 Solid Medium contains the following (per liter): 1 bottle Gamborg's B5 salts w/ sucrose (Gibco/BRL-Cat. No. 21153-036); adjust to pH 5.7; and 5 g TC agar.

2,4-D Stock: Obtain premade from PHYTOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES™ Cat. No. D 295—concentration 1 mg/mL.

B5 Vitamins Stock contains the following (per 100 mL): 10 g Myo-inositol; 100 mg Nicotinic acid; 100 mg Pyridoxine HCl; and 1 g Thiamine. If the solution does not dissolve quickly enough, apply a low level of heat via the hot stir plate. Store aliquots at −20° C.

SB 228—Soybean Histodifferentiation & Maturation (SHaM) contains the following (per liter): 600 mL DDI H₂O; 100 mL FN-Lite Macro Salts for SHaM 10×; 1 mL MS Micro Salts 1000×; 10 mL MS FeEDTA 100×; 6.82 mL CaCl 100×; 1 mL B5 Vitamins 1000×; 0.149 g L-Methionine; 30 g Sucrose; 30 g Sorbitol; adjust volume to 900 mL; adjust to pH 5.8; autoclave. Add to cooled media (<30° C.): 110 mL 4% glutamine (final conc. 30 mM). Final volume will be 1010 mL after glutamine addition. Because glutamine degrades relatively rapidly, it may be preferable to add immediately prior to using media. Expiration is 2 weeks after glutamine is added; base media can be kept longer without glutamine.

FN-lite Macro for SHAM 10×-Stock #1 contains the following (per liter): 4.63 g (NH₄)2SO₄ (Ammonium Sulfate); 28.3 g KNO₃ (Potassium Nitrate); 3.7 g MgSO₄*7H₂O (Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate); 1.85 g KH₂PO₄ (Potassium Phosphate, Monobasic); bring to volume; autoclave.

MS Micro 1000-Stock #2 contains the following (per 1 liter): 6.2 g H₃BO₃ (Boric Acid); 16.9 g MnO₄*H₂O (Manganese Sulfate Monohydrate); 8.6 g ZnSO4*7H20 (Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate); 0.25 g Na₂MoO₄*2H₂O (Sodium Molybdate Dihydrate); 0.025 g CuSO₄*5H₂O (Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate); 0.025 g CoCl₂*6H₂O (Cobalt Chloride Hexahydrate); 0.8300 g KI (Potassium Iodide); bring to volume and autoclave.

FeEDTA 100×-Stock #3 contains the following (per liter): 3.73 g Na₂EDTA (Sodium EDTA); EDTA must be completely dissolved before adding iron; 2.78 g FeSO₄*7H₂O (Iron Sulfate Heptahydrate); bring to volume and autoclave. Solution is photosensitive. Bottle(s) should be wrapped in foil to omit light.

Ca 100×-Stock #4 contains the following (per liter): 44 g CaCl₂*2H₂O (Calcium Chloride Dihydrate); bring to volume and autoclave.

B5 Vitamin 1000×-Stock #5 contains the following (per liter): 10 g Thiamine*HCl; 1 g Nicotinic Acid; 1 g Pyridoxine*HCl; 100 g Myo-Inositol; bring to volume; store frozen.

4% Glutamine—Stock #6 contains the following (per liter): 900 mL DDI water heated to 30° C.; 40 g L-Glutamine; gradually add while stirring and applying low heat. Do not exceed 35° C. Bring to Volume. Filter terilize and store frozen. Warm thawed stock in 31° C. bath to fully dissolve crystals.

Tocol and Oil Analysis:

Somatic embryos were harvested after two weeks of culture in the liquid maturation medium SB228 (SHaM) liquid media. Thirty-one events were created. All embryos generated for a given event were harvested in bulk and processed as follows. Embryos were frozen on dry ice or by incubation in a −80° C. freezer for two h followed by lyophilization for 48 h.

Dried embryos were ground to a fine powder using a genogrinder vial (½″×2″ polycarbonate) and a steel ball (SPEX Centriprep (Metuchen, N.J., U.S.A.). Grinding time was 30 sec at 1450 oscillations per min. For every event, approximately 30 mg of tissue were weighed into Eppendorf tubes 5 μL of tocopherol acteate (3.79 ng μL⁻¹) was added to each sample as internal standard. The tissue was extracted using 200 μL heptane at room temperature under continuous shaking for 2 h. Heptane extracts were cleared by centrifugation and filtration and 10 uL of extract were analyzed by HPLC as described in Example 3.

Tocol data are summarized in Table 19.

TABLE 19 Tocol Composition (percent of total tocopherols (tocph.) and tocotrienols (toct.)) of Soybean Somatic Embryos Generated by Co-Transformation with KS325xSC38 and pKR561-MCVTE3 Event alpha- beta- gamma- delta- alpha- beta- gamma- delta- tocph. toct. ID tocoph. tocoph. tocoph. tocoph. toct. toct. toct. toct. (ppm) (ppm) 19 17 1 0 0 78 3 1 0 247 1123 11 19 0 0 0 77 2 1 0 317 1328 28 27 3 0 0 57 11 1 0 161 370 29 30 6 1 0 47 16 1 0 262 454 1 31 7 0 0 42 18 1 1 302 497 7 17 7 8 1 35 25 2 6 199 411 23 32 3 8 1 34 10 10 3 244 326 31 18 3 3 1 34 14 18 9 201 586 2 56 2 2 0 32 7 1 0 284 190 12 24 3 29 2 25 8 5 3 225 158 30 18 4 24 2 24 13 8 7 184 204 17 5 0 16 0 7 0 70 1 182 669 15 13 1 12 4 6 2 42 20 186 427 14 15 1 66 6 4 0 5 1 241 30 8 5 1 12 5 4 2 50 21 188 642 5 7 1 15 4 3 0 51 20 189 508 4 6 1 13 4 2 0 54 19 224 692 13 2 1 6 5 2 0 45 39 148 941 27 4 0 13 0 2 0 80 1 175 832 20 6 0 15 5 1 0 37 35 171 472 25 52 1 6 2 1 0 23 15 255 162 9 5 0 38 3 1 0 43 9 210 241 32 6 0 88 4 1 0 1 0 165 3 26 7 0 89 3 0 0 1 0 222 2 18 5 0 89 4 0 0 1 0 300 6 16 6 0 80 4 0 8 1 0 287 32 22 11 0 80 6 0 0 2 0 238 7 10 9 0 84 5 0 0 1 0 266 4 21 1 0 9 4 0 0 54 32 165 1002 3 8 1 86 4 0 0 1 0 225 3 6 66 5 27 2 0 0 1 0 256 1 24 98 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 361 0

Oil concentration of the heptane extract was measured as follows. 25 μL of extract was derivatized to fatty acid methyl esters as follows. One mL of a 25% sodium methoxide stock solution was added to 24 mL of HPLC grade methanol. Sodium methoxide was stored under an inert gas.

Five μL of a 17:0 TAG (Nu-Chek Prep, Elysian, Minn., USA) stock solution (10 mg/mL) was combined with 25 μL of heptane tissue extract in a glass culture tube 500 μL of 1% sodium methoxide was added. Samples were derivatized in a water bath at 50° C. for 15 min. Samples were allowed to cool to RT and 1 mL of 1M NaCl was added followed by brief mixing. FAMEs were extracted into 1 mL of heptane and 4 μL sample were quantitated by GC analysis.

Two transgenic somatic embryo events (with Event ID numbers 19 and 11) were identified that contained very high levels of alpha tocotrienol (>70% of total tocols). These events contained 1270 and 1060 ppm alpha tocotrienol on a DW basis and 21,590 and 18050 ppm alpha tocotrienol on an oil basis. Co-expression of HV HGGT, ZM GTMT and MC VTE3 allowed for very high level of alpha tocotrienol accumulation. A vitamin E profile was generated that was dominated by alpha tocotrienol and alpha tocopherol; other vitamins represented less than 5% of the total tocols. Moreover, the tocol profile of a significant number of somatic embryo events suggest that only some of the genes present on the two DNA fragments used for transformation were expressed in these. For example, event number 24 very likely only expressed ZM GTMT and MC VTE3 and events 19 and 21 only expressed HV HGGT (see Example 3). Event number 7 very likely only expressed HGGT and ZM GTMT (see Example 7). Its tocol profile is very similar to that of soybeans expressing only these two vitamin E biosynthetic genes. Events 27 and 17 with a profile dominated by gamma tocotrienol very likely only expressed HV HGGT and MC VTE3. Finally, events such as 32, 26, 18 and 10, with a tocol profile dominated by gamma tocopherol and only trace levels of tocotrienol, very likely did not express any transgene-derived Vitamin E biosynthetic genes.

In summary, the data illustrated that by using only three types of vitamin E biosynthetic genes described herein, a wide range of vitamin E profiles can be generated in a combinatorial fashion. Moreover, it was shown that co-expression of HV-HGGT, ZM GTMT (VTE4) and MC VTE3 can lead to an increase of tocol levels of 6.5-fold and an increase of the relative alpha tocochromanol content to >95% of total tocols.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, one of ordinary skill will recognize that certain changes and modifications may be practiced and are included within the scope of the foregoing invention and the appended claims. 

What is claimed is: 1-28. (canceled)
 29. A method of increasing the level of alpha tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, in a microbial cell, comprising: stably incorporating into the genome of a microbial cell: (a) a first recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (i) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15; (ii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16; and (iii) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 95% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO:16, wherein the polypeptide has gammatocopherol methyltransferase activity; (b) a second recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (iv) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; (v) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and (vi) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 95% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the polypeptide has homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity; and (c) a third recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one regulatory sequence operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (vii) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:53; (viii) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:54; and (ix) a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of at least 95% sequence identity, based on the Clustal V method of alignment, when compared to SEQ ID NO:54, wherein the polypeptide has 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase activity; and selecting a transformed microbial cell that expresses the nucleotide sequence of the first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, the nucleotide sequence of the second recombinant nucleic acid molecule, and the nucleotide sequence of the third recombinant molecule wherein said transformed microbial cell has an increased level of alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, or both, relative to a microbial cell with a similar genetic background but lacking said first recombinant nucleic acid molecule, said second recombinant nucleic acid molecule, and said third recombinant nucleic acid molecule.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein said first, second and third recombinant nucleic acid molecules are incorporated into the genome of a microbial cell by co-transformation.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein at least one of said first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecules is incorporated into the genome of a microbial cell by re-transformation of a transformed microbial cell, wherein said transformed microbial cell comprises at least one of said first, second or third recombinant nucleic acid molecules.
 32. The method of claim 29, wherein said microbial cell is an algal cell.
 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the at least one regulatory sequence of said first, said second, and said third recombinant nucleic acid molecules is a promoter. 